O papel da ontogenia na evolução da cooperação humana

Michael  Tomasello; Ivan Gonzalez-Cabrera

doi:10.21665/2318-3888.v13n25p249

Autores/as

Michael Tomasello Duke University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1649-088X
Ivan Gonzalez-Cabrera Universität Konstanz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6523-5471

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21665/2318-3888.v13n25p249

Palabras clave:

Cooperación humana. Intencionalidad compartida. Crianza cooperativa. Evolución de la ontogenia humana. Forrajeo colaborativo.

Resumen

Para explicar el surgimiento evolutivo de habilidades y motivaciones exclusivamente humanas para la cooperación, Tomasello et al. (2012) propusieron la hipótesis de la interdependencia. El contexto adaptativo clave en esta explicación fue el forrajeo colaborativo obligado de los primeros adultos humanos. Hawkes (2014), siguiendo a Hrdy (2009), proporcionó una explicación alternativa para el surgimiento de habilidades cooperativas exclusivamente humanas en la que la clave fue los intentos de los primeros bebés humanos de solicitar cuidado y atención de los adultos en un contexto de crianza cooperativa. Aquí intentamos reconciliar estas dos explicaciones. Nuestra explicación compuesta acepta la afirmación de Hrdy y Hawkes de que la aparición extremadamente temprana de las habilidades cooperativas de los bebés humanos sugiere un papel importante para la crianza cooperativa como contexto adaptativo, tal vez en el Homo temprano. Pero nuestra explicación también insiste en que la cooperación humana va mucho más allá de estas habilidades incipientes e incluye aspectos como las convenciones, normas e instituciones comunicativas y culturales creadas por el Homo posterior y los primeros humanos modernos para abordar los problemas de coordinación social en la edad adulta. Como parte de esta explicación, planteamos la hipótesis de cómo cada una de las principales etapas de la ontogenia humana (infancia, niñez, adolescencia) se transformó durante la evolución, tanto por la migración ascendente de las habilidades cooperativas de los bebés con la edad como por la migración descendente de las habilidades cooperativas de los adultos con la edad.

Sumisión: 15 mar. 2025 ⊶ Aceptado: 11 jun. 2025

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Biografía del autor/a

Michael Tomasello, Duke University

Foi professor de psicologia e antropologia na Universidade de Emory e codiretor do Instituto Max Planck de Antropologia Evolutiva e do Centro de Pesquisa de Primatas Wolfgang Kohler. Realizou pesquisas pioneiras sobre as origens da cognição social, contribuindo para a psicologia comparada e do desenvolvimento, a linguística e a antropologia. É professor de psicologia e neurociências na Universidade de Duke.

Ivan Gonzalez-Cabrera, Universität Konstanz

Cientista visitante no Laboratório de Normatividade da Universidade de Konstanz. Estuda o papel das atitudes metaéticas na evolução da cooperação humana e a intersecção entre filosofia, psicologia e biologia evolutiva. Fez o doutorado na Universidade Nacional Australiana, e foi pesquisador nas universidades de Tóquio e de Berna e nos institutos Max Planck e Konrad Lorenz.

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