O papel da ontogenia na evolução da cooperação humana

Michael  Tomasello; Ivan Gonzalez-Cabrera

doi:10.21665/2318-3888.v13n25p249

Autores

Michael Tomasello Duke University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1649-088X
Ivan Gonzalez-Cabrera Universität Konstanz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6523-5471

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21665/2318-3888.v13n25p249

Palavras-chave:

Cooperação humana. Intencionalidade compartilhada. Criação cooperativa. Evolução da ontogenia humana. Forrageamento colaborativo.

Resumo

Para explicar a origem evolutiva de habilidades e motivações exclusivamente humanas para a cooperação, Tomasello et al. (2012) propuseram a hipótese da interdependência. O contexto adaptativo chave nesse relato foi o forrageamento colaborativo obrigatório de adultos humanos primitivos. Hawkes (2014), seguindo Hrdy (2009), forneceu um relato alternativo para o surgimento de habilidades cooperativas exclusivamente humanas em que a chave eram as tentativas dos primeiros bebês humanos de solicitar cuidado e atenção de adultos em um contexto de criação cooperativa. Aqui, tentamos reconciliar esses dois relatos. Nossa explicação composta aceita o argumento de Hrdy e Hawkes de que o surgimento extremamente precoce das habilidades cooperativas dos bebês humanos sugere um papel importante para a criação cooperativa como contexto adaptativo, talvez no Homo primitivo. Mas nossa proposta também insiste que a cooperação humana vai muito além dessas habilidades incipientes, para incluir coisas como convenções, normas e instituições comunicativas e culturais criadas por Homo posteriores e humanos modernos primitivos para lidar com problemas adultos de coordenação social. Como parte dessa proposta, levantamos a hipótese de como cada um dos principais estágios da ontogenia humana (primeira infância, segunda infância e adolescência) foi transformado durante a evolução tanto pela migração “para cima” na idade das habilidades cooperativas dos bebês, quanto pela migração “para baixo” das habilidades cooperativas dos adultos.

Versão original: TOMASELLO, Michael; GONZALEZ-CABRERA, Ivan. The role of ontogeny in the evolution of human cooperation. Human nature, v. 28, n. 3, p. 274-288, 2017.

Tradução: Beto Vianna

Submissão: 15 mar. 2025 ⊶ Aceite: 11 jun. 2025

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografia do Autor

Michael Tomasello, Duke University

Foi professor de psicologia e antropologia na Universidade de Emory e codiretor do Instituto Max Planck de Antropologia Evolutiva e do Centro de Pesquisa de Primatas Wolfgang Kohler. Realizou pesquisas pioneiras sobre as origens da cognição social, contribuindo para a psicologia comparada e do desenvolvimento, a linguística e a antropologia. É professor de psicologia e neurociências na Universidade de Duke.

Ivan Gonzalez-Cabrera, Universität Konstanz

Cientista visitante no Laboratório de Normatividade da Universidade de Konstanz. Estuda o papel das atitudes metaéticas na evolução da cooperação humana e a intersecção entre filosofia, psicologia e biologia evolutiva. Fez o doutorado na Universidade Nacional Australiana, e foi pesquisador nas universidades de Tóquio e de Berna e nos institutos Max Planck e Konrad Lorenz.

Referências

BAKEMAN, R.; ADAMSON, L. Coordinating attention to people and objects In mother-infant and peer-infant Interactions. Child Development, v. 55, n. 4, p. 1278-1289, 1984.

BARD, K. A. Emotional engagement: How chimpanzee minds develop. In: DEWAAL, F.; FERRARI, P. (Eds.), The primate mind: Built to engage with other minds). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2012. p. 224-245.

BOWLBY, J. Attachment and loss. New York: Basic Books, 1969.

BRUNER, J. Child’s talk. New York: Norton, 1983.

BULLINGER, A.; MELIS, A.; TOMASELLO, M. Chimpanzees Instrumentally help but do not communicate In a mutualistic cooperative task. Journal of Comparative Psychology, v. 128, n. 3, p. 251-260, 2014.

BURKART, J. M.; VAN SCHAIK, C. P. Cognitive consequences of cooperative breeding In primates? Animal Cognition, v. 13, n. 1, 1-19, 2010.

CALLAGHAN, T.; MOLL, H.; RAKOCZY, H.; WARNEKEN, F.; LISZKOWSKI, U.; BEHNE, T.; TOMASELLO, M. Early social cognition In three cultural contexts. Monographs of the Society for Research In Child Development, v. 76, n. 2, p. 1-142, 2011.

CHAPAIS, B. Primeval kinship: How pair-bonding gave birth to human society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008.

CLUTTON-BROCK, T. H. Cooperative breeding In mammals. In: KAPPELER, P. M.; VAN SCHAIK, C. P. (Eds.). Cooperation In primates and humans: Mechanisms and evolution. Berlin/New York: Springer, 2006. p. 172–190.

ENGELMANN, J. M.; HERRMANN, E.; TOMASELLO, M. Five-year olds, but not chimpanzees, attempt to manage their reputations. PloS One, v. 7, n. 10, e48433, 2012.

FLETCHER, G.; WARNEKEN, F.; TOMASELLO, M. Differences In cognitive processes underlying the collaborative activities of children and chimpanzees. Cognitive Development, v. 27, n. 2, p. 136-153, 2012.

GRÄFENHAIN, M.; BEHNE, T.; CARPENTER, M.; TOMASELLO, M. Young children’s understanding of joint commitments. Developmental Psychology, v. 45, n. 5, p. 1430-1443, 2009.

HAMANN, K.; WARNEKEN, F.; GREENBERG, J.; TOMASELLO, M. Collaboration encourages equal sharing In children but not chimpanzees. Nature, n. 476, p. 328-331, 2011.

HAMANN, K.; WARNEKEN, F.; TOMASELLO, M. Children’s developing commitments to joint goals. Child Development, v. 83, n. 1, p. 137-145, 2012.

HART, D.; SUSSMAN, R.W. Man the hunted: Primates, predators, and human evolution. New York: Westview Press, 2005.

HAWKES K. Stag hunts or rearing environments? Comment on Tomasello et al., “Two key steps In the evolution of human cooperation: The Interdependence hypothesis”. Current Anthropology, v. 53, n. 6, p. 687-88, 2012.

HAWKES, K. Primate sociality to human cooperation: Why us and not them? Human Nature, v. 25, n. 1, p. 28-48, 2014.

HENRICH, J. The secret of our success. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015.

HEPACH, R.; VAISH, A.; GROSSMANN, T.; TOMASELLO, M. Young children want to see others get the help they need. Child Development, v. 87, n. 6, p. 1703-1714, 2016.

HRDY, S. Mother Nature: A history of mothers, Infants and natural selection. New York: Pantheon Press, 1999.

HRDY, S. Evolutionary context of human development: The cooperative breeding model. In: CARTER, C. S.; AHNERT, L. (Eds.). Attachment and bonding: A new synthesis. Dahlem Workshop No. 92. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2005. p. 9-32.

HRDY, S. Mothers and others: The evolutionary origins of mutual understanding. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009.

HRDY, S. Development plus social selection In the emergence of “emotionally modern humans”. In: MEEHAN, L; CRITTENDEN, A. (Eds.), Childhood: Origins, evolution, and implications. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press and School for Advanced Research Press, 2016.

ISLER, K.; VAN SCHAIK, C. P. How our ancestors broke through the gray ceiling: Comparative evidence for cooperative breeding In early Homo. Current Anthropology, v. 53, n. 56, p. S453-S465, 2012.

KÖYMEN, B.; SCHMERSE, D.; LIEVEN, E.; TOMASELLO, M. Young children create partner-specific referential pacts with peers. Developmental Psychology, v. 50, n. 10, p. 2334-2342, 2014.

KRAMER, K. Children’s help and the pace of reproduction: Cooperative breeding In humans. Evolutionary Anthropology, v. 14, n. 6, p. 224-237, (2005.

LEAVENS, D. A; HOPKINS, W. D. Intentional communication by chimpanzees: A cross-sectional study of the use of referential gestures. Developmental Psychology, v. 34, n. 5, p. 813-822, 1998.

LEE-THORP, J. A.; SPONHEIMER, M.; LUYT, J. Tracking changing environments using stable carbon isotopes In fossil tooth enamel: An example from the South African hominin sites. Journal of Human Evolution, v. 53, n. 5, p. 595-601, 2007.

LIEBAL, K.; VAISH, A.; HAUN, D.; TOMASELLO, M. Does sympathy motivate prosocial behavior In great apes? PloS One, v. 9, n. 1, e84299, 2014.

LISZKOWSKI, U.; CARPENTER, M.; STRIANO, T.; TOMASELLO, M. 12- and 18-month-olds point to provide Information for others. Journal of Cognition and Development, v. 7, n. 2, p. 173-187, 2006.

LISZKOWSKI, U.; CARPENTER, M.; TOMASELLO, M. Twelve-month-olds communicate helpfully and appropriately for knowledgeable and ignorant partners. Cognition, v. 108, n. 3, p. 732-739, 2008.

MATTHEWS, D.; BEHNE, T.; LIEVEN, E.; TOMASELLO, M. Origins of the human pointing gesture: A training study. Developmental Science, v. 15, n. 6, p. 817-829, 2012.

MELIS, A. P.; WARNEKEN, F.; JENSEN, K.; SCHNEIDER, A. C.; CALL, J.; TOMASELLO, M. Chimpanzees help conspecifics to obtain food and non-food items. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, v. 278, n. 1710, p. 1405-1413, 2011.

NINIO, A. Bids for joint attention by parent-child dyads and by dyads of young peers In Interaction. Journal of Child Language, v. 43, n. 1, p. 135-156. (2016).

PIAGET, J. The moral judgment of the child. New York: The Free Press, 1997 [1932].

POTTS, R. Variability selection In hominid evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology, v. 7, n. 3, p. 81-96, (1998.

REDDY, V. Joining Intentions In Infancy. Journal of Consciousness Studies, v. 22, n. 1-2, p. 24-44. 2015.

ROBERTS, G. Cooperation through Interdependence. Animal Behaviour, v. 70, n. 4, p. 901-908, 2005.

ROCHAT, P. Others In mind: Social origins of self-consciousness. New York Cambridge University Press, 2009.

SALOMO, D.; LISZKOWSKI, U. Sociocultural settings Influence the emergence of prelinguistic deictic gestures. Child Development, v. 84, n. 4, p. 1296-1307, 2013.

SEABRIGHT, P. The company of strangers: A natural history of economic life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.

STERELNY, K. The evolved apprentice. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2012.

STINER, M. An unshakable middle Paleolithic? Trends versus conservatism In the predatory niche and their social ramifications. Current Anthropology, v. 54, n. 58, p. 288-304, 2013.

SULLOWAY, F. Born to rebel: Birth order, family dynamics, and creative lives. New York: Pantheon Books, 1996.

TOMASELLO, M. Joint attention as social cognition. In: MOORE, C.; DUNHAM, P. J. (Eds.), Joint attention: Its origin and role In development. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995. p. 103-130.

TOMASELLO, M. Origins of human communication. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.

TOMASELLO, M. A natural history of human thinking. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.

TOMASELLO, M. A natural history of human morality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.

TOMASELLO, M.; CARPENTER, M. The emergence of social cognition In three young chimpanzees. Monographs of the Society for Research In Child Development, v. 70, n. 279, 2005.

TOMASELLO, M.; HARE, B.; FOGLEMAN, T. The ontogeny of gaze following In chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Animal Behaviour, v. 61, n. 2, p. 335-343, p. 2001.

TOMASELLO, M.; CARPENTER, M.; CALL, J.; BEHNE, T.; MOLL, H. Understanding and sharing Intentions: The origins of cultural cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, v. 28, n. 5, p. 675-735, 2005.

TOMASELLO, M., HARE, B.; LEHMANN, H.; CALL, J.; Reliance on head versus eyes In the gaze following of great apes and human Infants: The cooperative eye hypothesis. Journal of Human Evolution, v. 52, n. 3, p. 314-320, 2007.

TOMASELLO, M.; MELIS, A. P.; TENNIE, C.; WYMAN, E.; HERRMANN, E. Two key steps In the evolution of cooperation: The Interdependence hypothesis. Current Anthropology, v. 53, n. 6, p. 673-692, 2012.

TOMONAGA, M.; TANAKA, M.; MATSUZAWA, T.; MYOWA-YAMAKOSHI, M.; KOSUGI, D.; MIZUNO, Y.; OKAMOTO, S.; YAMAGUCHI, M. K.; BARD, K. A. Development of social cognition In Infant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Face recognition, smiling, gaze, and the lack of triadic Interactions. Japanese Psychological Research, v. 46, n. 3, p. 227-235, 2004.

TREVARTHEN, C. Instincts for human understanding and for cultural cooperation: Their development In Infancy. In: VON CRANACH, M.; FOPPA, K; LEPENIES, W.; PLOOG, D. (Eds.). Human ethology: Claims and limits of a new discipline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1979. p. 530-571.

VAISH, A.; CARPENTER, M.; TOMASELLO, M. Sympathy through affective perspective-taking and its relation to prosocial behavior In toddlers. Developmental Psychology, v. 45, n. 2, p. 534-543, 2009.

WARNEKEN, F.; TOMASELLO, M. Altruistic helping In human Infants and young chimpanzees. Science, v. 311, n. 5765, p. 1301-1303, 2006.

WARNEKEN, F.; HARE, B.; MELIS, A.; HANUS, D.; TOMASELLO, M. Spontaneous altruism by chimpanzees and young children. PLoS Biology, v. 5, n. 7, e184, 2007.

West-Eberhard, M. J. Sexual selection, social competition, and evolution. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, v. 51, n. 4, p. 222-234, 1979.

WEST-EBERHARD, M. J. Developmental plasticity and evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

WOBBER, V.; HERRMANN, E.; HARE, B.; WRANGHAM, R.; TOMASELLO, M. Differences In the early cognitive development of children and great apes. Developmental Psychobiology, v. 56, n. 3, p. 547-573, 2013.

WOLF, W.; LAUNEY, J.; DUNBAR, R. Joint attention, shared goals, and social bonding. British Journal of Psychology, v. 107, n. 2, p. 322–337, 2015.