RevistaTOMO,SãoCristóvão,v.44,e22911,2025DOI:10.21669/tomo.v44.22911SpecialIssue-CoastalSqueeze:BeachesunderSocio-EconomicandEcologicalPressureE-ISSN:2318-9010/ISSN:1517-4549SpecialIssueLinhaVerde-EstradaCicatriz:Socio-environmentalConflictsandImpactsontheNorthernCoastofBahiaUbiraneilaCapinan*1LidiaCardel**2AbstractThisarticleanalyzesthesocio-environmentalconflictsandimpactsthathaveemergedandintensifiedalon-gsidethemostrecentwaveofcapitalexpansionontheNortherncoastofthestateofBahia(northeasternBrazil),drivenbytheimplementationofmasstourism.ThisprocessbeganwiththeconstructionofBrazil’sfirstall-inclusiveresort,CostadoSauípeResort,supportedbypublicpolicies,notablythroughtheconstruc-tionandexpansionoftheBA-099highway,knownasLinhaVerde.ThisqualitativeinvestigationtakesasitsobjectofanalysisthedocumentaryLinhaVerde:EstradaCicatriz(GreenLine:ScarHighway,inEnglish),producedin2008byateamofresearchersfromtheSchoolofCommunicationattheFederalUniversityofBahia(UFBA),throughthepubliccallPontodeCultura.Thedocumentarypresentsadiversesetofsocialactorswho,throughtheirtestimonies,recounteventsandcontradictionssurroundingkeytransformationsthatreshapedthesocialandenvironmentalfabricofBahia’sNorthernCoastduringthetransitionfromthe20century.Asamethodologicalstrategy,thisarticlepresentssevenunitsofanalysis:tworelatedtoenvironmentalimpactsandfivetosocio-environmentalconflicts,mostofwhichoccurredalongthecoastofthemunicipalityofMatadeSãoJoão,wheretheresortislocated.Thearticleconcludesthattheobjectsofdisputearelandandwaterterritories(sea,mangroves,lagoons,andrivers)belongingtolocalcommunities,aswellastheirhistoricallyconstructedwaysoflife,closelylinkedtonaturalassetsandcommunalspaces,suchasbeaches.Keywords:EcosystemPeoples;NorthernCoastEnvironmentalProtectionArea(APA);State;Capital;Tou-rismsttothe21th***InstitutoFederalBaiano(IFBaiano);Catu,Bahia.BrasilE-mail:ubiraneila.capinan@gmail.comOrcid:https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1089-8120CrediT:Thesisresearch,Conceptualization,Methodology,andWriting–OriginalDraftUniversidadeFederaldaBahia;Salvador,Bahia,Brasil.E-mail:lidiacardel@gmail.comOrcid:https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5019-9116CRediT:Thesissupervision,Conceptualization,Methodology,andWriting–OriginalDraft1IntroductionlatifúndioDuringthecolonialperiod,theNorthernCoastofBahiawashometotheGarciaD’Ávila(largeruralestate),whichwascharacterizedbytheoccupationoflandthroughagricultural,lives-tock,andextractiveproductionsystems.Theseweremaintainedunderarigidstructureoflaborcontroloverindigenousand/orenslavedpopulations.Aroundthiseconomicandpoliticalcenter,groupsofleaseholdersemerged,payingtaxesfortheuseoflandplotsandremainingsubordinatecentury(Bandeira,2000).ThecommunitiesthattotheGarciaD’Ávilafamilyuntilthemid-20developedalongtheNorthernCoastofBahiastructuredtheirsocio-economicsystemsaroundtheuseoflandandwater(sea,rivers,mangroves,andlagoons)ththThispaperaddressesthetransformationsthathavetakenplaceonBahia’sNorthernCoastfromcentury,SigisfredSigismundothesecondhalfofthe19AttaleafuniferaMar-piaçavaSchindler,aPrussian,naturalizedasanAmericancitizen,acquiredvastareasoflandandstartedtiuscoconutplantationsandtheextractionofnaturalresourcessuchascenturyuntil2008.Attheendofthe19(th),whichwasexportedinrawformtoBritishindustriesfortheproductionofshipropesandclothingbuttons.Despiteholdingeffectiveownershipandcontrolovertheland,Schindlermain-tainedtenancyarrangementswithtraditionalpeasantcommunitiesalreadyestablishedinthere-gion,relyingonacommonleasingpracticethatpersistedintheBahiaandPernambucosugarcaneplantationzonesuntilthemid-20century:laborinexchangeforhousing.thMap01–MunicipalityofMatadeSãoJoão,highlightingthecoastalcommunities.Source:GeographicguidetothebeachesofBahia.1BritishandBrazilianRubberPlantersandManufacturersthIntheseconddecadeofthe20century,S.S.SchindlersoldtheselandstoaBritishrubbercom-—whichcontinuedthelease-pany—the-basedlandusesystem.Afterthecompany’sbankruptcybetween1940and1950,partoftheland1Availableon:http://www.praias-bahia.com/mata-sao-joao/mapa.htm.Accessedon:June6th,2017.2UbiraneilaCapinan;LidiaCardelwassoldtotheBankofLondonandtheBrazilianconstructioncompanyNorbertoOdebrecht,whi-chcametohold1,700hectaresdestinedforrealestatespeculation(Stifelmann,1997),ultimatelyresultinginthedevelopmentofCostadoSauípeResort.Atthetimeofthepurchase,approximately3,000landoccupantswerealreadylivingonthoselands(Mattedi,2002).SixkeysocioeconomicmovementsarecrucialtounderstandingthedynamicsofcapitalexpansionanditsstructuralimpactsontheNorthernCoastofBahiafromthe1970suntiltheearly2000s.2oftheNorthernCoastForestDistrictinthesecondhalfofthe1970s,Thefirstwasthecreationwhichimposedchangesinlandtenurestructuresandinthewayoflifepopulationslivinginlandbutnearthecoast,leadingtolandexpulsionsandthedismantlingoflocallivelihoods.Thesecondandthirdtransformationsunfoldedintandem:asthestate-sponsoredconstructionoftheBA-099highway—the—connectingSalvadortoPraiadoFortewastakingplacestartingin1975,KlausPeter,aGerman-bornlandowner,wasturningthefishingvillageofPraiadoForteintoanecotourismdestinationwiththefirstlarge-scalehotel,currentlyknownasTivoliEcoresortPraiadoForte,beinginauguratedin1981.EstradadoCocoThefourthandfifthmovementsreplicatethispairingoftourismdevelopmentandstatesupport:asaresultofthestate-sponsoredextensionoftheBA-099highway,theGreenLineRoad,nor-thwardsfromPraiadoFortetothestateofSergipein1993,Brazil’sfirstall-inclusiveresortcom-plex,CostadoSauípe,wasinauguratedin2000.ThesixthwasthecreationoftheNorthernCoastEnvironmentalProtectionArea(APA-LN)in1992,whichwasimplementedascompensationfortheconstructionoftheGreenLineRoadandasatoolforcontrollingtheregion’slandscape,ef-fectivelyturningitintoareserveofvaluefortourismcapital.ThedynamicsofcapitalexpansionandstateinterventionhavegeneratedsignificantconsequencesforthehistoricallyestablishedpeasantcommunitiesoftheNorthernCoastofBahia(Cardel,2016).Table1-SocioeconomicmovementsrelatedtothedynamicsofcapitalexpansionontheNorthCoastofBahia,1970–2000.N°.123456PeriodInthesecondhalfofthe1970sFrom1975From1975In1992In1993In2000Source:Capinan(2024).SocioeconomicchangeCreationoftheNorthernCoastForestDistrictEstradadoCocoPraiadoFortePraiadoForte(BA-099),whichconnectedSalvadortoConstructionoftheThetransformationofthefishingvillageofforKlausPeterastheownerCreationoftheNorthCoastEnvironmentalProtectionArea(EPA),BahiaExpansionofthissamehighway,nowconnectingInaugurationoftheCostadoSauípeResortPraiadoFortetothestateofSergipeintoanareaofadministrativeactivityConsideringthisbriefhistoricaloverviewoflandgrabbingontheNorthernCoastofBahia,theobjectiveofthisarticleistocontributetothisSpecialIssuebyaddressingthesocio-environmentalconflictsthatoccurredintheNorthernCoastEnvironmentalProtectionArea(APA-LN)betweencentury,usingdocumentarythelastdecadesofthe20analysisasamethod.Thismethodallowsustoreconstructanearlierhistoricalperiodthroughimagesoftheregionandthevividtestimoniesofsocialactorsfromdifferentgroupswhoexpe-riencedtheseprocesses.stcenturyandthefirstdecadesofthe21th2TheNorthCoastForestryDistrictofBahiawasestablishedbyStateLawNº.6,569,ofJanuary17th,1994,whichprovidesfortheForestryPolicyoftheStateofBahia.3LinhaVerde-EstradaCicatrizLinhaVerde:Afterthisintroduction,thearticleisstructuredinsectionscoveringthefollowingtopics:metho-EstradaCicatrizdologicalconsiderations,analysisoftheconflictsrecordedinthemini-documentary,examinationofthesocio-environmentalimpactsreportedinothersourcesusedinthisresearch,andfinalconsiderations.1.Methodologicalconsiderations:documentaryfilmanalysisof“LinhaVerde:EstradaCicatriz”LinhaVerde:EstradaCicatrizThedocumentaryis52minutesand32secondslong.Itwaspro-ducedin2008byamultidisciplinarygroupofresearchersfromtheFederalUniversityofBahia,withsupportfromthePontodeCulturaprogram,fundedbytheBahiangovernment.Whenwewatchthedocumentary,itbecomesclearthattheteam’sshootingscriptwasstructuredaroundexploringthesocio-environmentalimpactsandconflictsassociatedwithtourismimplementedintheNorthernCoastEnvironmentalProtectionArea(APA-LN),throughincentivesandsubsidiesgrantedbyallthreelevelsofgovernment(municipal,state,andfederal).Theverytitlerevealsthefilmmakers’intentiontoportraytheunfoldingconsequencesofahighwaywhoseconstructioncutacrossaregioninhabitedbyecosystem-basedcommunities,fragmentingterritories,cosmologies,lives,andeverydayroutinesand,ultimately,producingsocio-culturalfissuresandscarsunderthepretextoftheregion’s“development.”StartingfromSalvador,thecapitalofBahia,andheadingtowardthestateofSergipe,thefilmcrewworkedinthreelocationsonthelandwardsideofthecoast(BarroBranco,Areal,andVilaSauípe)andninealongtheshoreline(PraiadoForte,Imbassaí,Diogo,SantoAntônio,CostadoSauípe,Por-todoSauípe,Massarandupió,Subaúma,andBaixio),coveringtheBahianmunicipalitiesofMatadeSãoJoão,EntreRios,andEsplanada.Thewayconversationsareconductedinthedocumentaryresembleswhat,inthesocialsciences,isdefinedasa“semi-structuredinterview,”inthiscaseorganizedaroundtourismanditssocio--environmentalconflictsandimpactsintheregion.Weidentified41interviewees,whocanbegroupedintosevencategoriesofsocialactors,listedalphabeticallyasfollows:(I)fourbusinessowners,identifiedasguesthouseownersand,insomecases,withoutspecificationoftheiracti-vity;(II)oneresearcher;(III)onepropertyowner;(IV)fourrepresentativesofthepublicsector;(V)fiverepresentativesofcivilsociety;(VI)fourtourists;and(VII)18villageresidents.Ifweaddthefourpeoplelinkedtocivilsociety—becausetheyareorganizationsformedbyresidentsofthevillages—totheother18residents,wefindthat53.6%ofthevoicesarethoseofpeoplefromthelocalcommunitiesintheregion.Thereisalsoapredominanceofmaleinterviewees,29intotal,comparedwithonly12women.Itisalsoworthhighlightingthatthedocumentaryisanimportantaudiovisualdocumentforre-searchbecauseitwasproducedduringaperiodmarkedbyintensetransformationsintheregion,onlyeightyearsaftertheinaugurationofCostadoSauípeResortand15yearsaftertheopeningoftheGreenLineHighway.Therehadthereforealreadybeensufficienttimetoobserveandassesstheconsequencesoftheseevents,whichwerestillvividinthesocialmemoryoftheactorslivingintheAPA-LN.ThisarticlestemsfromCapinan’s(2024)doctoraldissertation,whichdrewonavarietyofsources.Withinthescopeofthistext,however,thedocumentaryistreatedasthecentralsourceofinvestigation,complementedsecondarilybydocumentsandbibliographicreferences.Regardingtheanalysisofthedocumentary,itisimportanttonotethatitwasnecessarytowa-4UbiraneilaCapinan;LidiaCardeltchthefilmseveraltimes,aswellastorevisitspecificsegmentsatdifferentmomentstoverifyinformationandinterpretations.Inthefirstmethodologicalstage,wewatcheditfromabroaderperspective,toapprehendthegeneralaspectsoftheaudiovisualdocumentationproject,whilecapturingimagesthatwouldassistinunderstandingtheregion,theconflicts,andthesocio-envi-ronmentalimpactsexaminedinthisstudy.Inthesecondstage,werewatchedthedocumentarytoidentifytheunitsofanalysis(GaskellandBauer,2017).Thecriterionforselectingtheseunitswasthenarrationofasetofnaturalresourcesbeingdisputedbyactorsaffiliatedwithdifferentsocialgroups,basedonsocioeconomicandculturaldistinctions.Themethodologicalstagesmentionedabovethuscorrespondedtotheprocessofgaininganove-rallunderstandingofthedocumentary’scharacteristics,selectingandcapturingimages,andco-dingtheinterviewsaccordingtotheaforementionedcode.Thethirdstageconsistedoftranscri-bingthesegmentsofthedocumentary’sinterviewsthathadalreadybeencoded,inlightoftheobjectofanalysisofthisarticle.Thesetranscriptionswerecompletedduringathirdviewingofthefilm.Theobjectivewastoreproduce,asfaithfullyaspossible,theinterviewees’actualwords,includingpausesandinterruptions,giventhattheyaretreatedasinterlocutorsinthedebateonsocio-environmentalconflictsandimpactsintheregion.Inthefourthstage,theanalysisofthematerialfocusedonthreeprimaryunits—socio-environ-mentalconflicts,socio-environmentalimpacts,andtheactorsinvolved—and,secondarily,wesou-ghttounderstandthenarrativeabouttourismputforwardbytherepresentativesofthestatefeaturedinthefilm.Regardingthesocialactors,wenotedthateveryonewhoappearsinthedocu-mentarywasconsideredandgroupedintothesevencategoriesdescribedabove.Table2–Conflictsandsocio-environmentalimpactsreportedbythe“GreenLine:scarroad”project.PartoftheMinidocPlaceofConflictImpactSiteSubjectOfDisputeActorsSocialWhistleblowersSocialActorHeldResortAccountablePraiadoForteMassarandupióSantoAntônioVilaSauípeImbassaí1225513TheterritoriesofthePauGran-deandBarretocommunitiesMassarandupióBeachThevillageofSantoAntônioSwampyareaofthepartcalledBatinemaOccupationwetlandsPinicãodunesystemsofandVilaSauípeinVilaSauípeManguePortoSauí-peandVilaSauípe-EditeDiniz(geographer,PraiadoForte)-LourivalEvangelista(businessperson,PraiadoForte)EcodoFortePraia-AmaíseTavares(merchant,Massarandupió)-Unidentifiedman(residentinMassaran-dupió)-IvoneSoares(artisan,Massarandupió)-MariaMendes(merchantandartisan,Sto.Antônio)-Miúdo(Sto.Antônio)-PauloRobertoÁlvaresSouza(“owner”ofSantoAntônio)-Pombinho(VilaSauípe)-PauloNovaes(ManagerofAPA-LN)-GuiMarcovaldi(CoordinatorandfounderoftheTAMARproject)-Pombinho(VilaSauípe)-JoãoPaiva(VilaSauípe)-PauloNovaes(ManagerofAPA-LN)PACAB-EntreRiosVillageandResort(Portu-guesegroup)PauloSouzaRoberto“They”Reservasay(hotel)Imbas-ResortCostadoSauípe“Complexes”“Complex”LinhaVerdeSource:(2008).5LinhaVerde-EstradaCicatrizAscanbeseeninthetableabove,sevenunitsofanalysisinvolvingconflictorenvironmentalim-pactwereidentifiedinthedocumentary.Thelatterisunderstoodasaconsequenceofhumanactionontheenvironment,whichmayvaryaccordingtointerests(usevalueandexchangevalue)andthestageofthedispute.Asmentionedearlier,impactiscommonlytheoutcomeofaconflict,butreachingthisstageofunfoldinginrelationtonaturedoesnotmeanthattheconflicthasbeenresolved.Itmay,infact,developpreciselythroughanimpactthatwasnotprecededbyconflict.Thereisnodoubtthatthetwosituationsidentifiedasimpactsinthedocumentaryareindeedimpacts,butitisworthquestioningwhethertheirconflictshavereachedafinaloutcome.Weareledtoconcludethattheyhavenotandthat,inthesetwocases,aswillbeanalyzedbelow,socio-en-vironmentalconflictscontinuetocoexistwiththeimpact.2.Estradacicatriz:conflictsandsocio-environmentalimpactsontheLinhaVerde,BahiaInthissection,wemoveontoadescriptiveanalysisofthedocumentary.Giventhebreadthofinformationprovidedandinlightoftheobjectiveofthisarticle,wehavechosentofocusonthestatementsofthoseinvolvedinsocio-environmentalconflictsandimpacts(thosedenouncingandthosebeingheldresponsible),aswellasofthosewhorepresentedthestateatsomelevel.Thisisbecause,inrecenthistory,startinginthe1970s,thestatehasbeenanimportantsocialactorindrivingthechangesthathavebeenoccurringintheenvironmentandinthelivesofcommunitiesontheNorthernCoastofBahia.Yet,underthemantleofdevelopmentalistpolicy,thevariousbran-chesofthestatecontinuetoneglecttheconsequencesoftourism,asLuchiari(2000)states:Atthelocallevel,itcanbesaidthatwhiletourismstimulatesjobcreation(bothdirectandindirect),theexpansionofroadnetworks,improvementsinurbaninfrastructure,andthegrowthoftheconstructionandservicesectors,italsoexacerbatestheproblemscausedbyacceleratedurbanization.Inthiscontext,thereisanobservableincreaseintheconsump-tionofnaturalresources,ariseinthecostofliving,realestatespeculation,anexpansioninwasteproduction,andanintensificationofsocio-spatialsegregation—eventothepointoftheformationofinformalsettlements—aswellasthegenerationofmigratoryflowsthatintroduceexogenousculturalmodels.Moreover,thisprocessoftenresultsintheeconomicexclusionofthelocalpopulation,whichinmostcasesremainsmarginalizedfromthishi-ghlyspecializedsector.(Luchiari,2000,p.158)ThisanalysissynthesizesthetypicaltrajectoryoftourismalongtheBraziliancoast.Thestate,throu-ghitsvariouslevelsofgovernment,playsacontradictoryroleinthisdynamic,oftenoccupyingposi-tionsdifficulttoreconcile—actingsimultaneouslyasapromoteroftourismdevelopmentandasanenvironmentalgovernancebodyresponsibleforoversightandregulation.Intheory,thestateshouldactasanimpartialdefenderoftherightsanddutiesofallthoseinvolvedinsituationsofenvironmen-talconflictand/orimpact.Thisambiguityisreflectedinthestatementsofpublicofficialsfeaturedinthedocumentary,ascanbeseenintheanalyticaldescriptionthatfollows.Attwodifferentpoints,thedocumentarypresentsstatementsbyDomingosLeonelli,whocritici-zesthemodeloftourismhistoricallyadoptedinBahia,whichheconsiderstobecenteredonlargehotelsdisconnectedfromthelocaleconomyandsurroundingcommunities.Accordingtothispo-litician,thisbusinessmodelevokeswhathecalls“thegreatbattleofhumanity,perhapsthemostpowerfuldimensionoftheclassstruggleintheworld—ifthatdimensionis,perhaps,life(andthen6UbiraneilaCapinan;LidiaCardel3.peoplethink:betweenlifeanddeath),lifeandprofit.”(Linha,2008,Part1,5min.11s)Atthemunicipallevel,theonlypublicofficialinterviewedinthedocumentaryisthethen-mayorofMatadeSãoJoão,JoãoGualberto,whoarguesthattourismhasnotbroughtconcretebenefitstothemunicipality.Accordingtohim,tourismontheNorthernCoastunfoldedinthreephases.ThefirstwasledbyguesthouseownersinImbassaíandPraiadoForte,includingEcoPraiadoForte,pioneerswhodidnotcarryoutfeasibilitystudies.ThesecondphasetookplacewiththeSauípeProject,whichheconsidersimportantforBrazilandBahia,butnotforMatadeSãoJoão—mainlyduetoaten-yearexemptionfromtheMunicipalServiceTax(ISS)andthelackofemploymentopportunitiesforlocalworkers.Thethirdphase,inhisview,correspondstolarge-scalehoteldevelopmentswithamoresustainableoutlook.Whencomparingthesecondandthirdphasesdescribedbyhim,itisreasonabletoinferthatthemayorimplicitlycriticizestheenvironmentalaspectsofCostadoSauípeResort.HealsostatesthattheresortfailedtopayapproximatelyBRL7millionperyeartothemunicipality.PauloNovaes,thenmanageroftheNorthernCoastEnvironmentalProtectionArea(APA-LN)andarepresentativeofthepublicsector,notonlyreportedconflictsandimpactsbutalsocriticizedthelackofplanninginthetourisminitiativesimplementedintheregion.Hepointedtowhatheregardedas“ideal”pathwaysforpriorplanningandsocio-environmentalmonitoring—suchastheneedtopreparelocalpopulationstomeetthedemandforservicesandproducts,aswellastheimportanceofguidingthecreationofcooperatives.AnotherstaterepresentativefeaturedinthedocumentaryisÉricoMendonça,whoheldthepositionofSecretaryofTourismwhenpartoftheNorthernCoastwasdesignatedasanEnvironmentalProtectionArea(APA).Hestated:“[...]thevastmajorityofareasoftourisminterestarelocatedwithinEnviron-mentalProtectionAreas,whichdefineamodeloflanduse.Theyregulateterritorialoccupation,andthishasgiveninvestorssecurity[...]”(Linha,2008,Part5,2min7s).Inotherwords,ascanbeinferredfromhisstatement,thistypeofConservationUnit(UC)wasplannedbythestateasastrategytopre-servelandscapevalueforthebenefitofcapital,orientedtowarddifferenttourismventures.Exceptforthislastpublicofficial,whoexplicitlydefendedAPAenvironmentalpolicyasalegalinstrumentforestablishingareasthatpreservevalueforcapital,theotherpoliticiansandtheAPA--LNmanagerlamentedthecharacteristicsanddirectionoftourismpoliciesinBahia.However,asmentionedearlier,wedidnotidentifyanychanges—atleastnotsignificantones—duringtheirtermsinofficeorintheadministrationsofthepoliticalpartieswithwhichtheywereassociated,regardingthepublicmanagementoftourisminthestate.Theirreflectionsandquestionsthusremainedconfinedtotherealmofdiscourse.Inlinewiththecentralobjectiveofthisstudy,asmentionedinthemethodology,sevenunitsofanalysisinvolvingconflictorenvironmentalimpactwereidentifiedinthefilm.Ofthese,threedis-putesinvolveVilaSauípeandPortodeSauípe,areasclosertoCostadoSauípeResortandthereforemoresusceptibletosocio-environmentalconflictsandimpacts.Amongthecasesidentified,fivewerenarratedbymorethanoneperson—forexample,thesituationinSantoAntônio,mentionedbothbylocalresidentsandbythelandownerPauloRobertodeSouza.Intotal,sixoftheevents3HewasSecretaryofTourismfortheStateofBahiaduringalmosttheentirefirsttermoftheWorkers’Party(PTinPortuguese)intheBahiagovernment(JaquesWagner,between2007-2014).ThispartyisinitsfifthtermintheBahiagovernor’soffice,withthecurrentgovernor’sfirsttermexpectedtoendin2026.Duringthesealmost20yearsofPTadministrationinBahia,wehavenotseenanychangeinthetourismdevelopmentmodelcriticizedbyDomingosLeonellibetween2007and2008.7LinhaVerde-EstradaCicatriztookplacealongthecoastofMatadeSãoJoãoandoneinMassarandupió,avillagelocatedonthecoastalstripofthemunicipalityofEntreRios.Figure1–SapirangaPrivateNaturalHeritageReserve(RPPN),locatedinPraiadoForte,MatadeSãoJoão,Bahia(BA)Source:LinhaVerde(2008,Part5,3min58s).LinhaVerde(2008).ItTheillustrationabovereferstoConflict1andwascapturedfromPart5ofvisuallysynthesizesthehistoricalprocessofsocio-environmentalconflictsinvolvingthecommu-nitiesofPauGrandeandBarreto,aswellastheadministrationsofEcoResortPraiadoForteandtheGarciaD’ÁvilaFoundation—twolegallydistinctentitiesthat,inprinciple,arepartofaneco-tourismprojectinPraiadoForteinitiatedbyKlausPeter.Severalsocio-environmentalconflictshaveinvolvedPeter,hiscompanies,andthelocalpopulation.TheconflictdocumentedinthefilmcentersonterritorialdisputeswiththesecommunitiesandisnarratedbyLourivalEvangelistaandEliasFerreira,representativesoftheirrespectiveresidents’associations,aswellasbyEditeDiniz,aresearcherattheFederalUniversityofBahia(UFBA).LinhaquilombolasAccordingtoEditeDiniz(,2008),theconflictsexperiencedbythecommunitiesofPauGran-deandBarretostemfromaconceptionofecologicalreserveimportedfromtheUnitedStates,whichshesummarizesas:“animalsyes,peopleno!”Itisalsoimportanttonotethatthesecommu-nitiesarerecognizedasdescendantsof,althoughtheTechnicalIdentificationandDe-marcationReport(RTID)relatedtotheirterritorialclaimhasneverbeencompleted.Thisoccur-communitiesandredduetoanescalationofconflictsaftertheirself-declarationastheirformalrequesttotheNationalInstituteforColonizationandAgrarianReform(INCRA)forthedemarcationoftheirlandsasethnicterritories.quilombolaPraiadoForteResearchersFranciscoBrito(2018)andEditeDiniz(2007)arekeyreferencesforunderstan-dingsocio-environmentalconflictsin.AccordingtoBrito,thisprocessbeganinthe1980s,whentheGermanbusinessmanKlausPetersacquiredthesharesoftwopartnersandbecamethesoleownerofthelandsinPraiadoForte.Thistriggeredthefirstconflictrelatedtotheemergenceofenvironmentaltourism,legitimizedbytheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyLawN°.8UbiraneilaCapinan;LidiaCardel6.938/1981(Brasil,1981),whichestablishesBrazil’senvironmentalpolicy,itsobjectives,anditsregulatoryinstruments.Underthemantleoflegality,Petersimplementedextensiveecotourisminfrastructureintheregion,creatingtheGarciaD’ÁvilaFoundationandinstitutingaseriesofcon-trolandexpulsionmeasuresdirectedagainsttraditionalresidents.Inthewakeofdisputesoverlandforrepresentativesofcapitalandoverterritoriesforthecommu-nities,thereisalsoConflict2,whichtookplaceinthevillageofMassarandupió,wheretheobjectofdisputewasthebeachanditsaccessroutes.Inthissegmentofthedocumentary,thefilmmakersresorttothenarrativedeviceofdisplayingphotographstakenduringakeymomentintheconflict,whenresidentsgatheredtoremovefences.Thisactofresistanceandthebroaderconflictitsym-4.ThecriticalmomentinthestruggleoveraccesstobolizesisnarratedindetailbyAmaíseTavarescommon-usegoodsisalsorecountedbyIvoneSoaresandbyanunidentifiedman.ThesocialactoridentifiedasresponsiblefortriggeringtheconflictwasthecompanyPACABBrasilLtda.,ofPortu-gueseorigin,whichregisteredinBrazilthelegalentity“EntreRiosVilaeResort.”Accordingtotheaccounts,thecompanyintendedtodeveloptourismactivitiesinthearea.Onthesignsplacedintheusurpedterritory,therewerenoticesdeclaringittobeprivatepropertyandprohibitingentry.Othersignsadoptedamoreenvironmentalisttone,callingforthepreservationoftheareaandcitingthenumberofthedecreethatcreatedtheAPA-LN—thususingenvironmentallegislationasastrategytolegitimizetheappropriationofcustomaryrights,whichinthiscasecombinefamilylandholdingandaterritoryofcommunaluse.MariadeLourdesCostaSouza(2015)investigatedtheproductionofspaceinMassarandupióanditssurroundings.Accordingtoher,theseprocessesinvolveinternaldynamics(“horizontalities”)andexternalforces(“verticalities”),bothsituatedwithinthebroaderhistoricalhorizonofsociety.Shearguesthat“marketandstateinterestsconstituteverticalitiesandarehistoricallyhegemonicintheproductionofspace”(Souza,2015,p.34).WhenthisanalyticalframeworkisappliedtothevillagesoftheNorthernCoastofBahia,itbecomesevidentthattheinteractionbetweenthesedimensions(internalandexternaltothecommunities)generateseventswithahighpotentialforsocio-environmentalconflict,especiallyinlightofthedistinctconceptionsandsymbolicmeaningsupheldbyecosystempeoplesandbybroaderbiospheresocieties.ThisispreciselywhatSouzafindswhenreconstructingtherecenthistoryofthevillage,wherethreesocio-environmentalconflictsemerged.Before1993,therewereplanstoinstallapulpmillinEntreRiosbythecompanyCopener/Norcel,whichevenconsideredMassarandupióasapos-siblesite.However,theprojectfailedattheenvironmentallicensingstageforseveralreasons—4AmaíseTavares’stestimonyisrichindetailsaboutthecontrastbetweenthecustomarylandholdingrightsoflocalfamiliesandthecodifiedsystemofpropertybasedonformallandtitles.Shereportsthat,inthe1970s,thecompanyBarretodeAraújoappropriatedlandintheregionwiththehelpofhiredgunmen.In2001,tosettlelabordebts,thecompanyputthe-selandsupforauction,andtheywerelateracquiredbythePortuguesegroupmentionedabove.MariadeLourdesCostaSouza(2009)conductedadetailedinvestigationofthechainoflandownershipinMassarandupió,notonlyconfirmingAmaíseTavares’saccountbutalsodeepeningthedescriptionoflanddisputesinthiscommunity.PartofthisconflictcloselyresemblestheresearchconductedbyJamesHolston(1993)onlandholdingandpropertydisputesintheformationofSãoPaulo’surbanperiphery—especiallythewell-knownchapterentitled“LegalizingtheIllegal:PropertyandUsurpationinBra-zil,”whichremainsfundamentalforunderstandingthecomplexitiesofBrazil’sagrarianquestion.Inthisregard,itisworthaforamentohighlightingoneparticularlegaldispute:itinvolvedtheheirofRosendoSerapião—whohadrequestedalong-termlandlease()fromthefederalgovernmentin1932—andanEnglishcompanythatheldformaltitletotheland.AsSouzare-ports:“DespitethelegalvictorygrantedtotheEnglishandalsotothesquatters,thelandswereonceagainclaimedin1962bySerapião’sheir,andthecourtcaseinwhichtheEnglishhadobtainedrecognitionoftheirpropertyrightsovertheland‘simplydisappearedfromthearchivesoftheEntreRioscourthouse’(ATarde,2002).[...]”(Souza,2009,p.104).9LinhaVerde-EstradaCicatrizamongthem,difficultiesinsecuringfinancing,giventhefallininternationalpulpprices,andthegrowinginterestinturningtheregionintoahubfortourismexpansion.Asmentionedintheintroduction,betweenthe1970sand1980sthevillagewasalreadyunder-goingspatialtransformationsresultingfrompoliciesthathaddesignatedtheregionasaforestdistrict,aspreviouslynoted.Anothershiftoccurredduetolanddisputes,extensivelydescribedinfootnote4,inwhichManoelSerapião“managedtoregisterhimselfastheoccupantofthedisputedlandsand,inJanuary1977,formedaconsortiumwithBarretoAraújoEmpreendimentosImobili-áriosS/A[...]”(Souza,2015,p.104),whichlatersoldthelandtoPACAB,givingrisetotheconflictportrayedinthefilm.ThethirdconflictidentifiedbySouza(2015)inMassarandupióarosebetweenthemunicipalgo-vernmentandthevillage’sresidentswhen,in1998,themunicipalitydesignatedpartofthebeachasanudistzonethrough.Onceagain,thebeachbecameanobjectofdispute—notonlyasanatu-ralasset,butasasymbolicterritorywherethewayoflifeoflocalinhabitantscameintoconflictwiththemunicipalgovernment’seconomicambitionstoestablishthefirstofficialnudistbeach5Ruleswerecreatedtoregulateaccesstothenaturistarea,butthesealsogeneratedcon-inBahia.flict—includingonethatprohibitedunaccompaniedmenfromenteringorremainingthereunlessaccompaniedbysomeoneoftheoppositesex.6itshowsthattheresidentsReturningtotheconflictportrayedinthedocumentary,Souza(2015)ofMassarandupiómobilizedtoremovefencesthathadbeeninstalledinenvironmentallyprotec-tedareas—suchasdunes,mangroves,andlagoons—andthatrestrictedaccesstothebeachandtoothernaturalresourcesusedinartisanalproduction.Thefencesalsoblockedastretchoftheservituderoadopenedbythemunicipalityin2005.ThisbroadercontextofconflictculminatedinthecreationoftheSOSMassarandupiómovement.AmaíseTavares,aresidentofMassarandupió,stated:“Wearenotagainstdevelopment.Wewantdevelopmenttocome.Ithinkeveryoneneedsitandhastherighttoit.Butithastobesustainabledevelopment.”(Linha,2008,Part7,4min9s).Thisstatementreflectstheincorporation—intopopularimaginaries—ofadiscoursethataspirestoacademiclegitimacybuthas,inturn,alsobeenappropriatedasarhetoricalstrategybyboththebusinesssectorandthestate.Inthiscontext,sustainabilitybecomesasupposedpointofbalancebetweentreatingnaturalgoodsassuchandappropriatingthemasexploitableresourcesforprofitandcapitalaccumulation,tothedetrimentoftheenvironmentand—inthecaseoftheAPA-LN—alsoofthelocalpopulation.Thisopensspaceforcriticalreflection,includingthearticulationofabroadercounter-discourseontherealeffectivenessofwhatthisword—“sustainability”—promisesandonitspoliticaluseaspartoftheideologicalapparatusofdevelopmentalist,inboththepublicandprivatespheres.doxaConflict3isconnectedtothepreviousonesthroughthepairofopposingconceptions(land/re-territory/good/heritageoftheextendedfamily–community)and,source/commodity–capitalvs.5MassarandupiówasnotonlythefirstofficialnaturistbeachinBahia;italsoremainstheonlyoneandhasbecomeanatio-6nallyandinternationallyrecognizeddestinationforthispractice.Souza(2009)reportsthat,inthiscontextoflegaldispute,theAssociationofResidentsandFriendsofMassarandupiórestinga(AMAM),foundedin1997,submittedarequesttotheBrazilianInstituteofEnvironmentandRenewableNaturalResources(IBAMA)forthecreationofarestricted-useConservationUnit(UC)thatwouldencompasstheregion’sdunesandecosystems.However,therequestwasneverofficiallyapproved.Inaddition,accordingtotheauthor,localcraftswomencreatedandregisteredtheMassarandupióCraftswomen’sAssociation(ADAM)in2003.10UbiraneilaCapinan;LidiaCardelinparticular,tothesecondconflict,sinceitalsotookplaceinacoastalarea.Inthiscase,however,theentirevillage,andnotonlythebeach,becametheobjectofdispute.ThisisthevillageofSantoAntônio.Theconflictisportrayedinadistinctivewayinthedocumentary,asitisnarratedbothbythesocialactorswhodenounceit—MariaMendes,briefly,andMiúdo,ingreaterdetail—andbytheactorheldresponsible,PauloRobertodeSouza,whostates:“[...]Ihaveproblemswiththecommunityinsidethefarm[...]”(Linha,2008,Part2,3min22s).Afterthisinitialstatement,headdsthatitisevidentthattheoccupationgoesbackfiveorsixgenerations,butinsiststhathewastakenbysurprisebyevents.Herecountsthathehadenvisionedadifferentuseforthearea,althoughheclaimstobeconcernedwithpreservingtheland“forthenatives.”AccordingtoMiúdo,aresidentofSantoAntônio,therelationshipbetweenPauloRobertoandthevillagedevelopedasfollows:Miúdo:“Hearrivedhereabout30yearsago.Buthehasalwaysactedasifheweresmarterthanus,becausewearefromthecountryside—wedon’thavemuch…howdoyousay?Wehardlyknowaboutthesethings.Hewouldbuyoneplotofland,thenanother.Theonlyonehedidn’tbuy—hesimplytook—wasmine,becauseIneversoldhimanything.Hewouldbuildanewhouse.Hewouldbuildahouseandtakehalfoftheplot.Hegavethehousetotheperson,andthepersongavethelandtohim.”Interviewer[unidentified]:“Sohetradedthehousefortheland?”Miúdo:“Yes,hetradedthehousefortheland.Itoldmypeople:‘Look,openyoureyes,thisisnotgoingtoendwell.’Hesaiditwould,andnowlook.Nowonlythenativesarelefthere,eachwithasmallhouseandatinyyard.Theothershaveal-ready—[hemakesagesturewithhisrighthandopeningandclosing,indicatingthattheyhavegone].Theyhaveallleft.”(Miúdo,,2008,Part2,3min42s).LinhaAplacewithoutaccesstomeansofsubsistenceforanecosystempeople—whereallthatremainsisaroofandasmallyard,withnolandtoworkortoleaveasaninheritancetofuturegenerations—canhardlybeconsidereda“preserved”placeforitsinhabitants.Attheveryleast,thisnotionneedstobequestioned,especiallywhenPauloRobertodeSouzainvokesenvironmentallegislationasastrategy7Bydoingtodemarcatehisproperty,convertingitintoaPrivateNaturalHeritageReserve(RPPN).so,heeffectivelytransformsitintoaspaceofreservedvalueforpotentialtourismuses,inaccordan-cewiththelegalpermissionsofanEnvironmentalProtectionArea(APA).Thus,partofthecommunityofDiogoandtheentirecommunityofSantoAntôniocametobelocatedwithinazoneunderthedualcontrolofasinglelandowner—boththroughthepropertyrightsheclaimsandthroughtheregulatoryrestrictionsassociatedwiththeRPPNdesignation.Thislegalinstrumentisarecentstrategyusedbylandowners,combiningwithhistoricallyrootedmethodsofexpropriation—suchaslandgrabbing,forcedevictions,andotherpractices—tocon-trolanddisplacetraditionalcommunitiesfromtheirterritories.Theseprocessesareoftencarriedoutthroughacombinationoflegalmechanismsandphysicalandsymbolicviolence.7thAccordingtorecordsfromtheChicoMendesInstituteforBiodiversityConservation(ICMBio),theDunasdeSantoAn-tônioPrivateNaturalHeritageReserve(RPPN)wasofficiallycreatedonMay21,2001byOrdinanceNo.65,publishedintheFederalOfficialGazetteonJune4,2001.ThedocumentclassifiestheRPPNasanarea“ofpublicinterestandpermanentincharacter,”covering370.721hectares,correspondingtotheRiachodasFloresFarmandtheAraken/Roza-rinhoWoods,ownedbyPauloRobertoÁlvaresdeSouzaandLindauraSoaresdeCarvalho.SatelliteimagesavailablefromICMBioshowthatthereserveencompassespracticallytheentiredunesystemconnectingthetraditionalcommunitiesofDiogoandSantoAntônio—aroutefrequentlytraveledonfootbylocalresidentsandothers.ThereserveextendstothevicinityoftheCostadoSauípeResort’sboundariesandreachestherightshoulderoftheBA-099highwayintheSalvador–Sergipedirection.st11LinhaVerde-EstradaCicatrizMiúdoalsoreportsthatmanyresidentsofSantoAntôniosoldtheirland,butheresisted—althou-ghhedidnotknowhowmuchlongerhewouldbeabletoremain,giventhedepartureoflongtimeresidents,pressurefromthelandowner,andthelackofbasicpublicservices.Accordingtohim,thisdepopulationprocessonlybegantoslowwiththearrivalofelectricityandrunningwater.InlinewithMiúdo’saccount,EditeDinizstatesthatthelackofaccesstoessentialpublicgoods—suchaselectricity,sanitation,health,andeducation—alsoforcesresidentstoleave,sincetheserightshavehistoricallybeendeniedtoruralpopulations.Inanotherpartofthedocumentary,thelandownerPauloRobertodeSouzamentionstheabsenceofthestateinregulatingthedisorderlyoccupationoflandthataccompaniedtherealestateboomtriggeredbymasstourisminthere-gion—asifhisownstrategyoflandappropriationwerenotitselfaformofdisorderlylanduse.WhenweconsiderterritorialexpulsionsinacountrywithacolonialhistorylikeBrazil—wherestructuresremaindeeplypatrimonial,patriarchal,racist,and,tosomeextent,oligarchic—itbe-comesnaturaltothinkoflandinthemostradicalsenseoftheterm,whetherimprovedornot.Thissimplificationimposedbycapitalstrategicallyreducesterritoriesandbiomestosimplified,monetizedcommodities.Inthisregard,Sassen(2016)arguesthatthisprocess—inwhichforeigninvestorsandgovernmentsacquirelandinothernation-states—nowoccursonaglobalscale,generatingexpulsionsandsocio-environmentalimpactsofgreatmagnitude.Sheinvitesustoconsiderthemultiple“channelsofexpulsion”beyondthecommodificationofland,suchasthosehighlightedandcriticallyexaminedbyMiúdoandEditeDinizinrelationtothestate’sfailuretoguaranteebasicserviceslikesanitation,electricity,education,andpublichealth.Suchchannelsofexpulsionwereidentifiedinfivesocio-environmentalconflictsandcanalsobeob-LinhaVerdeservedinthetwosituationsofenvironmentalimpactportrayedinthedocumentary.Inotherwords,(2008)recordsmultiplechannelsthroughwhichhumanandnon-humanformsoflifehavebeenexpelledfromtheAPA-LNaspartofthebroaderexpansionofcapitalaccumulation.ThelasttwoenvironmentalconflictsintheNorthernCoastEnvironmentalProtectionArea(APA--LN)aredocumentedinPart5ofthefilmandportraydifferentperceptionsinvolving,ineachcase,othersocialactorsinadditiontothecommunitiesandrepresentativesofcapital.TheConflict4tookplaceinImbassaíandliesonthethresholdbetweensocio-environmentalconflictandimpact.ItemergedwiththeconstructionoftheReservaImbassaíhotel,whichwaspartiallyembargoedbytheBrazilianInstituteofEnvironmentandRenewableNaturalResources(IBAMA).AccordingtoPauloNovaes,theconflictresultedfromattemptsbythedeveloperat“occupationinwetlandareas,duetoaverylargebridgethatwasbuiltinImbassaíandtheattempttooccupythedunebeltwithahotelof250apartments[...]”PauloNovaes(,2008,Part5,5min53s).LinhaTheprojectisheldresponsibleforthelocaldispute,andtheindividualswhodenounceditwerethethen-manageroftheAPA-LNandGuiMarcovaldi,nationalcoordinatorandfounderoftheTa-marProject.Thelatterstatedthatthehotelhadinitiallybeenplannedforasiteinfrontofoneoftheturtlenestingareas,whichmotivatedhisoppositionandthatoftheentireenvironmentalgrouptotheproject.TheadministrativedirectorofthecompanyRetaAtlânticoBR,PauloSeixas,appearsinthefilmbutdoesnotaddresstheconflictdirectly.Hemerelystatesthatinvestorsneedclearerguidancefromthestatetoinvestwithsecurity.Heisamongthosewhopointtotheineffec-tivepresenceofthestateintheregion.CláudiaNovaesMachado(2008)studiedtherelationshipbetweenenvironmentallegislationandtourismintheproductionofspaceinImbassaíandalsoanalyzesthissocio-environmentalconflict12UbiraneilaCapinan;LidiaCardelgeneratedbythecompanyRetaAtlânticoBRduringtheconstructionoftheReservaImbassaíde-velopment,offeringnewelementsbeyondthosepresentedinthedocumentary.Herresearchcon-firmsthatthecompanyintendedtooccupyareasprohibitedbytheAPA-LNmanagementplan.Af-terajurisdictionaldisputebetweenenvironmentalagencies—IBAMAatthefederallevelandtheEnvironmentalInstitute(IMA)atthestatelevel—thecompanymanagedtoexploitbureaucraticloopholesthatultimatelyallowedtheoccupationtoproceed.Inaddition,thethen-mayorofMatadeSãoJoão,MárciaCavalcantiCarneiroDias,oftheBrazilianLaborParty(PTB),grantedRetaAtlânticoaten-yearexemptionfromthepropertytaxthroughLaw193/2003(Machado,2008).TheConflict5,thelastidentifiedinthedocumentary,iscloselyrelatedtooneoftheenvironmen-talimpactsanalyzedlateron,asitalsotookplaceinthecommunitiesofVilaSauípeandPortodeSauípe,areasintheimmediatesurroundingsofCostadoSauípeResort.ThisepisodeisnarratedbyPombinho,aresidentofVilaSauípe,whoreportstheclearingofafreshwaterspringmicrobio-mecarriedoutbychegantes8.ThisconflictmirrorsthedynamicdescribedbyEliasandScotson(2000)between“established”groupsand“outsiders,”inwhichthenativesrepresenttheestablishedgroup—holdersofacommunalterritorygovernedbytheirownsocioculturalandeconomicnorms.Thissettingwastransformedbothbytourismdevelopmentsandbythearrivalofoutsiders,whointeractedwithlandandnaturalgoodsaccordingtologicsdifferentfromthoseoftheestablishedgroup.Shortlybeforetheconflictismadeexplicit,Pombinhotellsusthathewaspressuredwithconversationsandpromisesofgiftssothathewould“stopputtingpressure”(Linha,2008,Part5,3min24s).Hedoesnotidentifywhothesepeoplewere,nordoeshespecifyaparticularconflict;hesimplyreferstotheharassersas“they.”Hethennarrates:“[...]theystillhadaplothere,calledBatinema,whichisoveronthatside.Theystayedthereand…startedclearingthemarsh.ThenIcameover.Itoldthem/Isaidtheyhadtostop,becauseiftheydidn’tstop,IwasgoingtoIBAMA.Theystopped”(Linha,2008,Part5,3min59s).If,inthefirstinstance—theattempttosilencehim—“they”tendstobeinterpretedasrefer-ringtosomerepresentativeofmass-tourismenterprises,thissecond“they,”mentionedimmedia-telyafterward,pointstothepossibilityofadifferentkindofinterlocutor.Someonewhoismarkedbyalterity,butwhoisnotnecessarilyendowedwithdifferentiatedeconomicpower—quitetheopposite,giventhatthissecond“they”arenotdescribedastheonestryingto“buy”Pombinho.Herecountsissuinganorder,“Itoldthem”(inthesenseof“Iorderedthemto”),thensoftensit(“Isaidtheyhadto”),whichstillconstitutesanexerciseofpoweronhispart.Whetheritwasanorderorarequest,thekeypointisthat“they”leftBatinema,andPombinho’spresumptionofauthorityovertheplacewasacceptedbytheotherparty—by“them.”Itwouldthusfalltotheestablishedgrouptoindicateand“tell/ask”whatshouldbedone,andtotheoutsiderstorespecttheorderslaiddownbythepeopleoftheplace.TheimplementationofthesecomplexescreatedpocketsofpovertyontheNorthernCoast.ThemainexampleisPortodeSauípe.Right.Withthearrivalofmanypeoplewhothou-ght[inaudible]therewouldbejobsintheComplex[hereitappearsinthesingular],PortodeSauípeandalsoViladeSauípeendedupbeingturnedintoprecariousareasintermsofurbanization.Today,wehavemanyinformaloccupationsintheSauípeRivermangroveAccordingtoSantos(2016),cheganteisatermusedtorefertopeoplewhocametoworkontourism-relatedconstructionprojectsanddecidedtoremainintheregion.813LinhaVerde-EstradaCicatrizLinhabecauseofthis,sinceneitherthegovernmentnortheenterpriseknewhowtoincludethecommunityinthismodelofdevelopment.PauloNovaes,manageroftheAPA-LN(,2008,Part3,5min54s).Inlinewiththisinterpretation,thefirstsocio-environmentalimpactisidentifiedastheoneresultingfromwhatPauloNovaes,manageroftheAPA-LN,definedasthelegacyoftourism:“pocketsofpover-ty.”HepointsoutthatthistypeofimpactoccurredmostdirectlyinVilaSauípeandPortodeSauípe,forthereasonsalreadymentioned.Localresidentsexpelledfromtheirlands,alongwithworkersleftoverfromthecivilconstructionphaseoftourismdevelopments,begantooccupyareasfurtherinland,includingmangroveforests.Theeconomicandsocialinequalitiesbroughtaboutbymasstourismarementionedinvariousexcerptsbybusinessowners,guesthouseoperators,andothers,ascanbeseeninthequotationabovefromPauloRobertoSouza,thelandownerinSantoAntônio.Thesecondimpact,andthelastunitofanalysisaddressedhere,isalsothefirstsituationpresen-tedinthedocumentary,involvingbothenvironmentalimpactsandconflict.TheseeventstookplaceinthecommunityofVilaSauípe,andthepeoplewhodenouncedthemwerePombinhoandJoãoPaiva,bothlocalresidents,whoheldCostadoSauípeResortresponsiblefortheenvironmen-talimpactontheriverresultingfromthecreationofalagoonusedtodischargeeffluentsfromtheresort’swastewatertreatmentplant—nicknamedbythelocalpopulation.PinicãoThissewagetreatmentplanthasbeenidentifiedbylocalresidentsasasymbolofresistanceagainstthepollutionoffreshwaterspringsandwatercourses.Thewastemanagementandstoragemodeladoptedbytheresortdischargeseffluentsdirectlyintotheecosystem,includinglagoonsformedbytheSauípeRiverandmangroveforestsatitsmouth—destroyingspacestraditionallyusedforrecre-ationalactivitiesandwork.Asaresult,theimpactledtorestrictionsonterritorialpracticesanddailyisanenvironmentalroutinesfollowingtheconstructionoftheCostadoSauípeComplex.Theimpactwidelyknownamongresidentsandhasbeenreportedtothestatethroughcommunitymo-bilizations.ThisimpactwastheobjectofstudybyLianaNascimento(2010,p.57),whodocumentedthefollowingsituationintheSauípeRiveraftertheconstructionofthetourismcomplex:PinicãoThesanitaryengineerQuizeMaia,aspecialistintheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentUnitoftheEnvironmentalInstitute,statesthattheSauípeEffluentTreatmentPlantisnei-thermeetinglocaldemandsnorfulfillingtheobjectivesofitsoriginaltreatmentplan.Ac-cordingtoher,theplantwasbuiltbythegovernmenttosupporttheimplementationoftheCostadoSauípeComplex,eventhoughthecomplexalreadyhaditsownprojectformanagingliquideffluentsthroughasubmarineoutfall.Theneighboringlocalities—suchasSauípe,PortodeSauípe,andCurralinho—haveonlybeenpartiallyservedbytheplant,withnoprospectoffullcoverage.Sheemphasizesthatthefinancialcostofthisfacilitywassignificant,coveringalargeareawithpreliminarytreatmentinfrastructureandmaturationponds.Atthesametime,theresultsofthetreatmentprocesshaveproventobeenviron-mentallyandsociallycostly.Theconstructionerrors,sheexplains,steminpartfromthelackofpublicconsultationwithlocalresidentsregardingthedischargepoint,thecharac-teristicsofthetreatedeffluent,andtherisksassociatedwiththeriver,fauna,andpublichealth.Theplantusesanalgae-generationprocessasitsfinaltreatmentstage;however,thistechniquealtersthecolor,turbidity,andbiochemicaloxygendemandofthewaterduetothehighconcentrationsoforganicmatter—ultimatelyresultinginnegativeimpactsonwaterquality.”NascimentoLinhaVerde(2010)alsoreportsthat,sinceitsimplementation,sewagefromtheCostadoSauípe.Complexhasbeendischargedatthebridge—apracticedepictedinthedocumentary14UbiraneilaCapinan;LidiaCardelInresponse,thelocalpopulationorganizedandturnedtothecompetentinstitutionstoresolvethedispute,whichhadbeengeneratingsocio-environmentalimpactssincetheresortbeganope-rating.The“[…]residents’associationdenouncedthesituationinpublicmeetings,newspapers,securityandenvironmentalagencies,andtothePublicProsecutor’sOffice”(ibid.,p.60).AlthoughtheStatePublicSecuritySecretariatconcludedthaturgentmitigationmeasureswereneededtoaddresstheimpactcausedbytheeffluentsfromthetreatmentplantoperatedbytheBahiaWaterandSanitationCompany(EMBASA),Nascimentonotesthat,uptothecompletionofherresearchin2010,noeffectivemeasureshadbeenadopted.Returningtothequotationabove,itbecomesclearthatEMBASA—thestatesanitationcompany—mustalsobeconsideredtechnicallyandpoliticallyresponsiblefortheimpact.Thestategovern-mentatthetimetookonthetaskofmanagingtheresort’sliquidwasteandalteredtheoriginalplan,whichhadforeseenasubmarineoutfallundertheresponsibilityofthedevelopers:thecons-tructioncompanyOdebrechtanditsfinancialpartner,thePensionFundforEmployeesofBancodoBrasil(PREVI).Socio-environmentalimpactsandconflictshaveincommonthemovementofcapitaltotransformeverything—absolutelyeverything—intoacommodity,which,assuch,istobesold,consumed,andusedtogenerateprofit,pushingtoexpandthelegallimitsofenvironmentalexploitationontheNorthernCoastofBahia.Thepeopleofthevillagesarealsofoldedintothisrelentlesspursuitofprofit,whetherthroughthepurchaseoftheirlaborpowerforvarioustasks—almostalwaysma-nual—orwhentheyareallowedtooccupyspecific,controlledspaceswiththeirartisanalproduc-tion,hoveringontheboundarybetweenbeinghumansubjectsandservingaslivingornamentsofasupposedly“authenticlocalculture.”Theenvironmentasawholeisdisputedbycapital,butlandisundoubtedlythecentralelement—especiallylandlocatedinthecoastalzone.Thecommercialtentaclesofcapitalhavealsobeenextendedoveranentirevillage,suchasSantoAntônio,aswellasoverthemangroveforestsandwetlands.PinicãoTheselatterplaceshavebeenoccupiedbyconstructionworkerswhowerelaidoffafterthecons-tructionofmegahoteldevelopmentssuchasCostadoSauípeResort,aswellasbylocalresidentsdisplacedfromthecoastalareabythesesametourismprojects.Inaddition,theyhavebeenaffec-,andbythepollutionoffreshwatersourcesthroughtedbythecreationoflagoons,suchasthedischargeoftheresort’ssewage.Iftherearedisputesovertheseareaslocatedfurtherinland,whathappensalongthecoastisevenmoreblatant,asintheappropriationofthebeachesofMas-sarandupióandSantoAntônio.Inthelatter,thevillageandthebeachformacontinuum,tothepointthatthegroundoftheentireterritoryiscoveredwithbeachsand.Thestateappearsinstitutionallyasthearbiteroftheinterestsofallgroupsandshouldenforceen-vironmentallegislationthatultimatelyaimstosafeguardtheenvironmentforfuturegenerations.However,whatthisresearch—andmanyothersreferencedinthissection—hasfoundregardingtheimplementationoftourismintheNorthernCoastEnvironmentalProtectionArea(APA)isaflexibilizationofthelaw,throughagameofinterpretationsdesignedtoguaranteebroadandun-restrictedfinancialreturnsforcapital,tothedetrimentofthecommunities—someofthemcentu-riesold—andoftheenvironment.15LinhaVerde-EstradaCicatrizFinalconsiderationsLinhaVerde:EstradaCicatrizWehavepresentedtheperspectivesandvoicesoftraditionalcommunitiesaffectedbyvariousactionsdrivenbythevoraciousexpansionofcapitalthroughthemassificationofenvironmen-taltourism,asportrayedinthedocumentary.Thefilm,inturn,introducesarangeofsocialactorswho,amongotheraspects,reflectonthecapacityoflocalresidentstoadapttothearrivalofmasstourismintheirvillages.Someexpressasenseofine-vitabilityregardingthetransformationsunderwayandthelossoftheirtraditionalwaysoflife.Others,althoughequallyapprehensive,adoptamoreproactivediscursivestance,seekingtoengagewiththedevelopmentprocesswithoutallowingtheircommunitiesandterritoriestobeconsumedbytourism.Inthissense,respondingtotheinvitationmadebytheresearchteaminthefinalsectionofthedocumentary—concerningthelong-termviabilityofnativepopulationsontheNorthernCoastofBahia—itbecomesevidentthat,inordertopersistasecosystempeoples,thedifferentsocialgroupsthathaveinhabitedthisregionforcenturiesmustresistandstandup,refusingtobedefinedsolelybythelogicthatcapitalseekstoimposeeverywhere,onallformsofhumanandnon-humanlife.Or,toparaphraseSouza(2015),itislegitimatetoquestionthenarrativeofpassivityoftenattributedtosocialactorswhomustdealwiththeimposedbybiospheresocieties—especiallyconsideringthatenvironmentaltourismitselfisnowcaughtupinadialecticalstruggletopreventitsowndecline,giventhatitspracticesareinherentlyandmultiplypredatory.verticalitiesThus,inlightofwhatwasdiscussedintheprevioussection,itbecomesclearthat,ononeside,the-reareecosystempeopleswhohavehistoricallymaintainedrelationshipsofphysicalandsymbolicsurvivalwiththeenvironmentoftheNorthernCoastEnvironmentalProtectionArea(APA-LN),and,ontheother,thereiscapital,whichtreatsthisprotectedareaasaresourcetobeexploitedinthepursuitofever-greaterprofits,withthesupportofthestate.Thelatteroccupiesacontra-dictoryposition,notoutofimpartiality,butbecauseofitsambiguities.Itisimportanttohighlightthestate’sfailuretoensureeffectivegovernanceintermsofplanning,monitoring,andoverseeingthesocio-environmentalconsequencesofmasstourisminthisAPA,inkeepingwithitsroleasstewardofnaturalassets.Consequently,ontheNorthernCoasttheprocessofterritorialappropriationtendstofavorexter-nalinvestorstothedetrimentoflocalresidents.Thisdynamicismadepossiblebyambiguitiesandever-shiftinginterpretationsofthenotionofsustainability,whichservetorelaxenvironmentallegislationinthefaceofcapital’sinterests.Theaffectedcommunities,fortheirpart—evenwhenorganizedinassociations—haveshownlimitedorganizationalcapacitytoresisttheseprocesses,asillustratedbytheconflictsandimpactspresentedinthetestimoniesfeaturedinthefilm.Publicauthoritieshaveorientedtheiractionsintheregionmainlytowardfavoringlarge-scaleenterprises,particularlythroughtheirmanagementoftechnicalreports(EIAsandRIMAs)forenvironmentallicensingandbyprovidingroadinfrastructure,basicsanitation,andotherurbanamenitiesthatservetocreateurbanizedbubblesfortourism.Theyhavealsotakenpartindeve-lopmentplansthatincluderecurrenttaxincentivesand,inlessprofitablephases,haveevenactedasdirectfinanciersoftourismprojects.Basedonwhathasbeendiscussed,twoinferencescanbedrawn.Thefirst,ofaconceptualnature,isthatasocio-environmentalimpactdoesnotnecessarilybringanendtoarelatedconflict.In16UbiraneilaCapinan;LidiaCardelotherwords,theconflictmaypersistevenaftertheimpacthasoccurred,passingthroughphasesofconfrontationandmomentsoftacitorritualsuspension,untilnewdynamicsrekindlethedis-pute.Thiscontinuitymaystemeitherfromthepossibilityofreversingtheimpact—restoringtheobjectofcontentionasacommonnaturalgoodandrehabilitatingitenvironmentally,whereappli-cable—orfromtheimpossibilityofsuchrecovery.Inthelatterscenario,theconflictmaycontinuetoreverberatebothinlivedexperienceandinthecollectivememoryoftheaffectedgroup.ThesecondinferenceconcernsBrazil’scurrentenvironmentalchallengesinlightofitscolonialpast,specificallythehistoricallyunresolvedanddeliberatelyneglectedissueofthecountry’sagrarianquestion.Brazilhasnevercarriedoutacomprehensivelegaldistinctionbetweenpublicandprivatelands;ithasfailedtoregularizelandtenureforpeasantcommunities,hasnotfullydemarcatedIn-digenousterritories,hasnottitledevenhalfoftheremainingterritories,andtothisdaydoesnoteffectivelyenforcethebasicconstitutionalprincipleofthesocialfunctionofland.Inshort,inthewordsofoneoftheforemostspecialistsonBrazil’sagrarianquestion,JosédeSouzaMartins(2010),landremainsacaptivegoodsincetheenactmentoftheLandLawof1850andistreatedasavolatilecommoditywithinthevariousframeworksimposedbytheexpansionofcapital.quilombolaFinally,wemayconcludethatinthedocumentary,issuessuchasethnicrights,restrictedaccesstocoastalareas,basicsanitationchallenges,constraintsonsubsistenceandworkpractices,andthearrivalofoutsidersintersectwithbroaderdisputesoverlandownershipandlanduseonBahia’sNorthernCoast,ascanbetracedintheconflictsandsocio-environmentalimpactsidentifiedinthefilm.TheGreenLine,asatraumainscribedintheterritories,cosmologies,andsocialmemoriesofAcknowledgmentslocalpopulations,remainsanopenscar,vulnerabletonewsocio-environmentallacerations.WearegratefulforthediscussionandexchangespaceprovidedbytheCenterforRural,Environ-mental,andUrbanStudies(NUCLEAR)attheFederalUniversityofBahia(UFBA).ReferencesOfeudoABANDEIRA,LuizAlbertoMoniz.doBrasil.RiodeJaneiro:CivilizaçãoBrasileira,2000.700p.Lein.6.938,de31deagostode1981:aCasadaTorredeGarciad’Àvila-daconquistadossertõesàindependênciaBRASIL..DispõesobreaPolíticaNacionaldoMeioAmbiente,seusfinsemeca-nismosdeformulaçãoeaplicação,edáoutrasprovidências.Brasília,DF:PresidênciadaRepública,2025.Availableon:https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l6938.htm.Accessedon:14jan.2024.Praiado(s)Forte(s)ondeosfracoslutamparatervezBRITO,FranciscoMatos.çasnoLitoralNortebaiano.Salvador:AssembleiaLegislativa–ALBA,2018.293p.ContendasnaLinhaVerde:(eco)turismo,quilombolasemudan-CAPINAN,Ubiraneila.:turismoeconflitossocioambientaisdaAPALitoralNorte–BA.Tese(DoutoradoemCiênciasSociais),ProgramadePós-GraduaçãoemCiênciasSociais–UniversidadeFederaldaBahia(UFBA),Salvador,BA,2024.302f.Availableon:https://repositorio.ufba.br/bitstream/ri/40796/1/Tese-Ubiranei-la%20Capinan%20Barbosa_15-12-24.pdf.Accessedon:14jan.2024.EstudossocioambientaisesaberestradicionaisdoLitoralNortedaBahiCARDEL,LídiaMariaPiresetal.(orgs.)diálogosinterdisciplinares.Salvador:EDUFBA,2016.460p.Tapera,PauGrandeeBarreiroa:DINIZ,EditeLuiz.:umageohistóriaderesistênciadecomunidadestradicionais,noLitoralNortedaBahia.Dissertação(MestradoemGeografia),ProgramadePós-GraduaçãoemGeografia–UniversidadeFederaldaBahia(UFBA),Salvador,BA,2007.168f.Availableon:https://repositorio.ufba.br/bitstream/ri/19777/1/Edite%20Luiz%20Diniz.pdf.Accessedon:14jan.2024.OsestabelecidoseosoutsidersELIAS,Norbert;SCOTSON,John.pequenacomunidade.RiodeJaneiro:Zahar,2000.228p.:sociologiadasrelaçõesdepoderapartirdeuma17LinhaVerde-EstradaCicatrizPesquisaqualitativacomtexto,imagemesomGASKELL,George;BAUER,MartinW.LINHAVerdedeJaneiro:Vozes,2017.704p.:ummanualprático.13.ed.Rio:estradacicatriz,Bahia–Versãoexperimental–Parte1.Direção:JanaínaDamascenoGomes.LitoralNor-te:2008.(7mm):son.,color.Availableon:https://youtu.be/RypX1fD1ee4.Accessedon:11ago.2022.LinhaVerde______Norte:2008.(7mm40s):son.,color.Availableon::estradacicatriz,Bahia–Versãoexperimental–Parte2.Direção:JanaínaDamascenoGomes.Litoralhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-dQJgvLK2EHYPERLINKdQJgvLK2E%22”.Accessedon:11ago.2022.LinhaVerde______Norte:2008.(7mm41s):son.,color.Availableon:https://youtu.be/DOtafbvFqUA.Accessedon:11ago.2022.:estradacicatriz,Bahia–Versãoexperimental–Parte3.Direção:JanaínaDamascenoGomes.LitoralLinhaVerde______:estradacicatriz,Bahia–Versãoexperimental–Parte4.Direção:JanaínaDamascenoGomes.LitoralNorte:2008.(8mm11s):son.,color.Availableon:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sW7EblpGrw.Accessedon:11ago.2022.LinhaVerde______:estradacicatriz,Bahia–Versãoexperimental–Parte5.Direção:JanaínaDamascenoGomes.LitoralNorte:2008.(7mm10s):son.,color.Availableon:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjACGeNS9AQ.Accessedon:11ago.2022.LinhaVerd______Norte:2008.(8mm11s):son.,color.Availableon:https://youtu.be/xC1tN8AJM-s.Accessedon:11ago.2022.e:estradacicatriz,Bahia–Versãoexperimental–Parte6.Direção:JanaínaDamascenoGomes.LitoralLinhaVerde______Norte:2008.(6mm58s):son.,color.Availableon:https://youtu.be/kirzJ7mrCys.Accessedon:11ago.2022.Olharescontemporâneossobreoturismo:estradacicatriz,Bahia–Versãoexperimental–Parte7.Direção:JanaínaDamascenoGomes.LitoralLUCHIARI,MariaTerezaDuartePaes.Urbanizaçãoturística:umnovonexoentreolugareomundo.In:SERRANO,Célia;BRUHNS,HeloisaTurini;LUCHIARI,MariaTerezaDuartePaes..SãoPaulo:Papirus,2000.p.105-130.Tu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chamentevinculadasalosactivosnaturalesyPalabrasclavelosespacioscomunitarios,comolasplayas.:PueblosdelEcosistema;ÁreadeProtecciónAmbiental(APA)delaCostaNorte;Es-tado;Capital;Turismo.TimelineoftheManuscriptReceived:May2025FirstReview:June2025SecondReview:October2025AcceptedforPublication:October2025Authorrevision:November2025Grammar,SpellingandABNTreview:December2025Authorrevision:December2025PublishedonDecember202519LinhaVerde-EstradaCicatriz