MUSONIO RUFO AND PARRHESIA: COURAGE WITHOUT RAGE

Abstract

In this paper, I talk about the conception of the Stoic sage as simultaneously courageous and devoid of anger. To do so, I will follow the path below: I will talk about stoicism, individuality and multiculturalism; about why Stoics seek to understand and not judge; about ingrained beliefs; on courage rather than rage in the ideal of the Stoic sage; about the always imperfect character of humanity. After that, I will exemplify what was said with the example of Musonius Rufus when trying to peacefully stop the troops of Mark Antony Primus who were about to invade Rome at the end of the year 169.

KEYWORDS: Musonius Rufus; Stoicism; courage; will; philosophy; Epictetus, Diatribes, Handbook of Epictetus; Tacitus, Histories; Darcy Ribeiro; peaceful resistance; pacifism; Seneca, On Anger.