Carrera y salario de un profesor universitario: regulación de la política de personal en Rusia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v14i33.16267Palabras clave:
Educación más alta, Actividad docente, Relaciones laborales, Incentivos laborales para docentes, Política de personalResumen
El presente artículo explora los problemas de la política de personal en el sistema de educación superior relacionados con el papel incentivador de la remuneración y las oportunidades de desarrollo profesional. En la actualidad, debido a varios cambios socioeconómicos importantes, se está produciendo una transformación de las relaciones laborales en el sistema de educación superior. Como resultado, se requieren nuevos enfoques tanto para la gestión de las instituciones educativas como para la selección del profesorado universitario y la remuneración y el desarrollo profesional de los profesores. El objetivo del estudio es analizar las tendencias modernas individuales en el desarrollo de métodos de incentivos en la educación superior como una característica de la política de personal. El artículo demuestra que como consecuencia de las transformaciones económicas, se están produciendo cambios en la gestión universitaria que requieren un aumento de la calidad de los egresados, lo que inevitablemente influye en la ampliación de las necesidades profesionales del profesorado. Se establece que en las condiciones modernas el control externo es reemplazado por el interno, las libertades académicas son desplazadas por la administración y los estándares académicos son modificados y reemplazados por reglas formales. Este proceso va acompañado de cambios considerables en la política de personal universitario y las relaciones entre la administración y los docentes. Se estudian varios ejemplos de organizaciones de políticas de recursos humanos adoptadas en diferentes países. Se investigan las características de los contratos laborales con los docentes, las condiciones de su trabajo y las oportunidades profesionales. Se presta especial atención a varios enfoques para estimular la actividad docente. Se identifican las deficiencias que no permiten lograr una mayor calidad de la educación superior en Rusia. Se presentan propuestas de mejora de la política de personal en la educación superior orientadas a mejorar su calidad.
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Abdulkadyrov, U. U., Pak, O. A., & Makushkin, S. A. (2021). Regulation of professional and labor relations of university teachers: international practice and national characteristics. Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação, 14(33), e15129. https://doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v14i33.15129
Alaverdov, A. R. (2015). Evoliutsiiaa strategicheskikh podlhodov k motivatsii nauchno-pedagogicheskikh rabotnikov [The evolution of strategic approaches to motivating research and teaching staff]. Higher education in Russia, 5, 45-53.
All-Russian Trade Union of Education. (August 22, 2016). K voprosu ob urovne oplaty truda rabotnikov v sfere vysshego, srednego professionalnogo obrazovaniia, nauki [On the issue of the level of remuneration of workers in the field of higher and secondary vocational education and science]. Available: https://www.eseur.ru›K_voprosu_ob_urovne_oplati_tru29112.doc
Blašková, M., & Trskova, K. (2017). Creative leadership and motivation of university employees. New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(4), 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjhss.v3i4.1510
Bode, C., Becker, W., Habbich, C., & Klofat, R. (2015). Universities in Germany. London: Prestel.
Bukhteeva, E. E., Zimovina, O. A., Shishov, S. E., Rabadanova, R. S., & Polozhentseva, I. V. (2019). Practical and theoretical grounds of a student's autonomous learning activities in professional education. Amazonia Investiga, 8(20), 575-581.
Bundesministeriums der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz sowie des Bundesamts für Justiz. (2007). Gesetz über befristete Arbeitsverträge in der Wissenschaft vom April 12, 2007. Available: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/wisszeitvg/BJNR050610007.html
Chairunnisa, C., & Kosasih, A. (2019). The influence of academic culture and task commitment toward lecturers’innovativeness. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 12(5), 1850–1854. https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.512.1850.1854
Deem, R. (2004). “Novyi menedzherializm” i vysshee obrazovanie: upravlenie kachestvom i produktivnostiu raboty v universitetalh Velikobritanii [“New Managerialism” and Higher Education: the management of performances and cultures in universities in the United Kingdom]. Voprosy obrazovaniia, 3, 44-56.
Dzonstoun, D. B. (2003). Sistema vysshego obrazovaniia v SSHA: struktura, rukovodstvo, finansirovanie [The USA higher education system: structure, management, funding]. University Management: Practice and Analysis, 5-6(28), 92-102.
Ergasheva, F. B. (2019). Voprosy valentnosti v sovremennom nemetskom iazyke [Questions of valence in the modern German language]. Voprosy pedagogiki, 11-2, 276-281.
Gibadulina, A. S., & Kamneva, E. V. (2020). Materialnoe stimulirovanie prepodavatelei vuzov: zarubezhnaia praktika [Financial incentives for university teachers: foreign practice]. Economics: yesterday, today and tomorrow, 10(2А), 249-255.
Gill, R. (2009). Breaking the silence: The hidden injuries of neo-liberal academia. In: Flood, R., Gill, R. (Eds.). Secrecy and silence in the research process: Feminist reflections. London: Routledge.
Gladkikh, B. A. (2005). Sistema vysshego obrazovaniya v SSHA: osobennosti organizatsii i upravleniia [The system of higher education in the United States: features of organization and management]. Economics of education, 6, 68-89.
Glazev, S. (June 22, 2016). Glavnye otrasli–draivery novogo sprosa — zdravookhranenie, obrazovanie i nauka [The main industries that drive new demand – healthcare, education and science]. BusinessLife.today. Available: http://businesslife.today/opinions/sergej–glazev/
Goncharov, V. V., Sekerin, V. D., & Akhyadov, E. S. - M. (2020). Digital academic entrepreneurship: new opportunities for students in the development of the information environment. Revista Inclusiones, 7(Especial), 411-421.
Government of the Russian Federation. (2008). Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 5, 2008 No. 583 (as amended on January 19, 2019) “On the introduction of new pay systems for employees of federal budgetary, autonomous and state institutions and federal state bodies, as well as civilian personnel of military units, institutions and subdivisions of federal executive bodies, in which the law provides for military and service equivalent to it, the remuneration of which is carried out on the basis of the Unified tariff scale for remuneration of employees of federal state institutions” (together with the “Regulations on the Establishment of Remuneration Systems for Employees of Federal Budgetary, Autonomous and State Institutions”). Available: http://government.ru/docs/all/64978/
Government of the Russian Federation. (2012). Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 26, 2012, No. 2190-r (as amended on September 14, 2015) “On approval of the Program for the gradual improvement of the remuneration system in state (municipal) institutions for 2012 - 2018”. Sobranie Zakonodatel’stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii [SZ RF] [Collection of Legislation of the RF] 03.12.2012, No. 49, Item 6909.
Grishina, O. A., Saginova, O. V., Skorobogatykh, I. I., Zavyalova, N. B., Musatova, Zh. B., Shtykhno, D. A., & Kovaleva, E. N. (2015). Otsenka effektivnosti prepodavatelia v sovremennom obrazovatelnom uchrezhdenii [Evaluating the effectiveness of a teacher in a modern educational institution]: monograph. Novosibirsk: TsRNS Publishing House, 114 p.
Hasselhorn, M., Baethge, M., Füssel, H. - P., Hetmeier, H. - W., Maaz, K., Rauschenbach, T., Rockmann, U., Seeber, S., Weishaupt, H., & Andrä, W. (2014). Bildung in Deutschland. Ein indikatorengestützter bericht mit einer analyse zur bildung von menschen mit behinderung. Bielefeld: W. Bertelsmann Verlag.
Head, S. (2011). Chto ugrozhaet britanskim universitetam? [The grim threat to British universities]. Voprosy obrazovaniia, 2, 282-295.
Khudaimuratova, K. (2020). Vidy, formy obrazovaniia i trudovye otnosheniia prepodavatelei v sisteme vysshego obrazovaniia Federativnoi Respubliki Germaniia [Types, forms of education and labor relations of teachers in the higher education system of the Federal Republic of Germany]. Aktualnye nauchnye issledovaniia v sovremennom mire, 6-7(62), 149-153.
Kim, I. N., & Lisienko, S. V. (2012). Formirovanie bazovykh sostavliaiushchikh professionalnoi kompetentnosti prepodavatelia v ramkah FGOS [Formation of the basic components of a teacher’s professional competence within the framework of the Federal State Educational Standard]. Higher education in Russia, 1, 16–24.
Kleri, S. B. (2008). Zarabotnaia plata prepodavatelei vuzov SSHA v 2006-2007 uchebnom godu [Salaries of USA university professors in the 2006-2007 academic year]. Economics of education, 5, 100-103.
Kolin, K. K. (2002). Informatsionnaia globalizatsiia obshchestva i gumanitarnaia revoliutsiia. [The information globalization of society and the humanitarian revolution]. In: Egorov, V. K. (Ed.). Globalization: A synergy approach. Moscow: Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, pp. 323-334.
Kurbatova, M. V. (2016). Izmenenie kharaktera otnoshenii mezhdu rukovoditeliami i prepodavateliami vuzov v rezultate vnedreniia novykh instrumentov upravleniia [Changes in the nature of relations between the leaders and teachers of universities as a result of the introduction of new management instruments]. In: Theory and practice of using contractual regulation of social, labor and educational relations in institutions of higher and vocational education: Materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Ryazan, Russia, December 11-12, 2015, pp. 5-15.
Kurbatova, M. V., & Levin, S. N. (2013). Effektivnyi kontrakt v sisteme vysshego obrazovaniya RF: teoreticheskie podkhody i osobennosti institutsional'ogo proektirovaniia [An effective contract in the higher education system of the Russian Federation: theoretical approaches and features of institutional design]. Journal of institutional studies, 5(1), 55-80.
Lazareva, G. Iu. (2020). Formirovanie i razvitie sistemy sotsialno-trudovykh otnoshenii v usloviiakh transformatsii rossiiskoi sistemy vysshego obrazovaniia na osnove balansa interesov [Formation and development of the system of social and labor relations in the context of the transformation of the Russian system of higher education based on the balance of interests]. Bulletin of the South-Russian State Technical University (Novocherkassk Polytechnic Institute). Series: Socio-Economic Sciences, 13(4), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.17213/2075-2067-2020-4-53-61
Maiburov, I. (2003). Vysshee obrazovanie v razvitykh stranakh [Higher education in developed countries]. Higher education in Russia, 2, 132-144.
Nazarova, I. B. (2014). Kontrakt universiteta s prepodavatelem: prava i obiazannosti [The contract between a university and a teacher: rights and obligations]. Educational technologies, 3, 69–77.
Orlova, N. N., & Parshikov, N. A. (2017). Nauchno-pedagogicheskie rabotniki kak osnova effektivnosti natsionalnoi obrazovatelnoi sistemy [Scientific and pedagogical workers as the basis for the effectiveness of the national educational system]. Social-Economic Phenomena and Processes, 12(6), 235–242.
Pouyioutas, P. (2017). Key performance indicators for the teaching in Higher Education Quality Model (THEQM). In: 6th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, Barcelona, Spain, July 7-9, 2014, pp. 4629-4640.
President of the Russian Federation. (2012a). Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2012 No. 597 “On measures for the implementation of state social policy”. Available: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/35261
President of the Russian Federation. (2012b). Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2012 No. 599 “On measures to implement state policy in the field of education and science.” Available: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/35263
Rimskaia, O. N. (2006). Motivatsiia prepodavatelei vuzov v sisteme menedzhmenta kachestva obrazovaniia [Motivation of university teachers in the education quality management system]: monograph. Tomsk: Tipografiya “Grafika”.
Sekerin, V. D., Gorokhova, A. E., Dudin, M. N., Danko, T. P., & Nikolaykin, N. I. (2018). Applying interactive marketing methods to improve the quality of university educational services authors. Quality-Access to Success, 19(163), 37-42.
Sokolov, M., Guba, K., Zimenkova, T., Safonova, M., & Chuikina, S. (2015). Kak stanoviatsia professorami: akademicheskie karery, rynki i vlast v piati stranakh [How to become a professor: academic careers, markets, and power in five countries]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 832 p.
Tambovtsev, V. L. (2006). Konechnye rezultaty otrasli obrazovaniia i problemy ikh izmereniia [Final outcomes of education and the problems of their measurement]. Voprosy obrazovaniia, 1, 5-24.
Tereshchenko, E. A., Kovalev, V. V., Trofimov, M. S., & Zasseev, D. A. (2020). Legal consciousness as a factor promoting the achievement of educational objectives and the realization of the right to education by individuals and collectives. Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação, 13(32), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v13i32.14690
TRUD.com. (n.d.). Salary statistics “University teacher in Russia”. Available: https://russia.trud.com/salary/692/4130.html 30 406 ₽
Umurakova, G. H., & Iantilina, N. T. (2018). Zarubezhnyi opyt oplaty truda v sfere obrazovaniia [Foreign experience of remuneration in the field of education]. In: Economics and Humanitarian Research: Problems, Trends, Achievements: Collection of materials of the 3rd International Scientific and Practical Conference,
Novosibirsk, Russia, March 16-17, 2018, pp. 116-120.
Zhandarova, I. (November 9, 2017). MVF nazval glavnye draivery rosta ekonomiki Rossii [The IMF named the main drivers of growth in the Russian economy]. Rossiiskaia Gazeta. Available: https://rg.ru/2017/11/09/mvf-nazval-glavnye-drajvery-rosta-ekonomiki-rossii.html
Alaverdov, A. R. (2015). Evoliutsiiaa strategicheskikh podlhodov k motivatsii nauchno-pedagogicheskikh rabotnikov [The evolution of strategic approaches to motivating research and teaching staff]. Higher education in Russia, 5, 45-53.
All-Russian Trade Union of Education. (August 22, 2016). K voprosu ob urovne oplaty truda rabotnikov v sfere vysshego, srednego professionalnogo obrazovaniia, nauki [On the issue of the level of remuneration of workers in the field of higher and secondary vocational education and science]. Available: https://www.eseur.ru›K_voprosu_ob_urovne_oplati_tru29112.doc
Blašková, M., & Trskova, K. (2017). Creative leadership and motivation of university employees. New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(4), 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjhss.v3i4.1510
Bode, C., Becker, W., Habbich, C., & Klofat, R. (2015). Universities in Germany. London: Prestel.
Bukhteeva, E. E., Zimovina, O. A., Shishov, S. E., Rabadanova, R. S., & Polozhentseva, I. V. (2019). Practical and theoretical grounds of a student's autonomous learning activities in professional education. Amazonia Investiga, 8(20), 575-581.
Bundesministeriums der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz sowie des Bundesamts für Justiz. (2007). Gesetz über befristete Arbeitsverträge in der Wissenschaft vom April 12, 2007. Available: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/wisszeitvg/BJNR050610007.html
Chairunnisa, C., & Kosasih, A. (2019). The influence of academic culture and task commitment toward lecturers’innovativeness. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 12(5), 1850–1854. https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.512.1850.1854
Deem, R. (2004). “Novyi menedzherializm” i vysshee obrazovanie: upravlenie kachestvom i produktivnostiu raboty v universitetalh Velikobritanii [“New Managerialism” and Higher Education: the management of performances and cultures in universities in the United Kingdom]. Voprosy obrazovaniia, 3, 44-56.
Dzonstoun, D. B. (2003). Sistema vysshego obrazovaniia v SSHA: struktura, rukovodstvo, finansirovanie [The USA higher education system: structure, management, funding]. University Management: Practice and Analysis, 5-6(28), 92-102.
Ergasheva, F. B. (2019). Voprosy valentnosti v sovremennom nemetskom iazyke [Questions of valence in the modern German language]. Voprosy pedagogiki, 11-2, 276-281.
Gibadulina, A. S., & Kamneva, E. V. (2020). Materialnoe stimulirovanie prepodavatelei vuzov: zarubezhnaia praktika [Financial incentives for university teachers: foreign practice]. Economics: yesterday, today and tomorrow, 10(2А), 249-255.
Gill, R. (2009). Breaking the silence: The hidden injuries of neo-liberal academia. In: Flood, R., Gill, R. (Eds.). Secrecy and silence in the research process: Feminist reflections. London: Routledge.
Gladkikh, B. A. (2005). Sistema vysshego obrazovaniya v SSHA: osobennosti organizatsii i upravleniia [The system of higher education in the United States: features of organization and management]. Economics of education, 6, 68-89.
Glazev, S. (June 22, 2016). Glavnye otrasli–draivery novogo sprosa — zdravookhranenie, obrazovanie i nauka [The main industries that drive new demand – healthcare, education and science]. BusinessLife.today. Available: http://businesslife.today/opinions/sergej–glazev/
Goncharov, V. V., Sekerin, V. D., & Akhyadov, E. S. - M. (2020). Digital academic entrepreneurship: new opportunities for students in the development of the information environment. Revista Inclusiones, 7(Especial), 411-421.
Government of the Russian Federation. (2008). Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 5, 2008 No. 583 (as amended on January 19, 2019) “On the introduction of new pay systems for employees of federal budgetary, autonomous and state institutions and federal state bodies, as well as civilian personnel of military units, institutions and subdivisions of federal executive bodies, in which the law provides for military and service equivalent to it, the remuneration of which is carried out on the basis of the Unified tariff scale for remuneration of employees of federal state institutions” (together with the “Regulations on the Establishment of Remuneration Systems for Employees of Federal Budgetary, Autonomous and State Institutions”). Available: http://government.ru/docs/all/64978/
Government of the Russian Federation. (2012). Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 26, 2012, No. 2190-r (as amended on September 14, 2015) “On approval of the Program for the gradual improvement of the remuneration system in state (municipal) institutions for 2012 - 2018”. Sobranie Zakonodatel’stva Rossiiskoi Federatsii [SZ RF] [Collection of Legislation of the RF] 03.12.2012, No. 49, Item 6909.
Grishina, O. A., Saginova, O. V., Skorobogatykh, I. I., Zavyalova, N. B., Musatova, Zh. B., Shtykhno, D. A., & Kovaleva, E. N. (2015). Otsenka effektivnosti prepodavatelia v sovremennom obrazovatelnom uchrezhdenii [Evaluating the effectiveness of a teacher in a modern educational institution]: monograph. Novosibirsk: TsRNS Publishing House, 114 p.
Hasselhorn, M., Baethge, M., Füssel, H. - P., Hetmeier, H. - W., Maaz, K., Rauschenbach, T., Rockmann, U., Seeber, S., Weishaupt, H., & Andrä, W. (2014). Bildung in Deutschland. Ein indikatorengestützter bericht mit einer analyse zur bildung von menschen mit behinderung. Bielefeld: W. Bertelsmann Verlag.
Head, S. (2011). Chto ugrozhaet britanskim universitetam? [The grim threat to British universities]. Voprosy obrazovaniia, 2, 282-295.
Khudaimuratova, K. (2020). Vidy, formy obrazovaniia i trudovye otnosheniia prepodavatelei v sisteme vysshego obrazovaniia Federativnoi Respubliki Germaniia [Types, forms of education and labor relations of teachers in the higher education system of the Federal Republic of Germany]. Aktualnye nauchnye issledovaniia v sovremennom mire, 6-7(62), 149-153.
Kim, I. N., & Lisienko, S. V. (2012). Formirovanie bazovykh sostavliaiushchikh professionalnoi kompetentnosti prepodavatelia v ramkah FGOS [Formation of the basic components of a teacher’s professional competence within the framework of the Federal State Educational Standard]. Higher education in Russia, 1, 16–24.
Kleri, S. B. (2008). Zarabotnaia plata prepodavatelei vuzov SSHA v 2006-2007 uchebnom godu [Salaries of USA university professors in the 2006-2007 academic year]. Economics of education, 5, 100-103.
Kolin, K. K. (2002). Informatsionnaia globalizatsiia obshchestva i gumanitarnaia revoliutsiia. [The information globalization of society and the humanitarian revolution]. In: Egorov, V. K. (Ed.). Globalization: A synergy approach. Moscow: Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, pp. 323-334.
Kurbatova, M. V. (2016). Izmenenie kharaktera otnoshenii mezhdu rukovoditeliami i prepodavateliami vuzov v rezultate vnedreniia novykh instrumentov upravleniia [Changes in the nature of relations between the leaders and teachers of universities as a result of the introduction of new management instruments]. In: Theory and practice of using contractual regulation of social, labor and educational relations in institutions of higher and vocational education: Materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Ryazan, Russia, December 11-12, 2015, pp. 5-15.
Kurbatova, M. V., & Levin, S. N. (2013). Effektivnyi kontrakt v sisteme vysshego obrazovaniya RF: teoreticheskie podkhody i osobennosti institutsional'ogo proektirovaniia [An effective contract in the higher education system of the Russian Federation: theoretical approaches and features of institutional design]. Journal of institutional studies, 5(1), 55-80.
Lazareva, G. Iu. (2020). Formirovanie i razvitie sistemy sotsialno-trudovykh otnoshenii v usloviiakh transformatsii rossiiskoi sistemy vysshego obrazovaniia na osnove balansa interesov [Formation and development of the system of social and labor relations in the context of the transformation of the Russian system of higher education based on the balance of interests]. Bulletin of the South-Russian State Technical University (Novocherkassk Polytechnic Institute). Series: Socio-Economic Sciences, 13(4), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.17213/2075-2067-2020-4-53-61
Maiburov, I. (2003). Vysshee obrazovanie v razvitykh stranakh [Higher education in developed countries]. Higher education in Russia, 2, 132-144.
Nazarova, I. B. (2014). Kontrakt universiteta s prepodavatelem: prava i obiazannosti [The contract between a university and a teacher: rights and obligations]. Educational technologies, 3, 69–77.
Orlova, N. N., & Parshikov, N. A. (2017). Nauchno-pedagogicheskie rabotniki kak osnova effektivnosti natsionalnoi obrazovatelnoi sistemy [Scientific and pedagogical workers as the basis for the effectiveness of the national educational system]. Social-Economic Phenomena and Processes, 12(6), 235–242.
Pouyioutas, P. (2017). Key performance indicators for the teaching in Higher Education Quality Model (THEQM). In: 6th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, Barcelona, Spain, July 7-9, 2014, pp. 4629-4640.
President of the Russian Federation. (2012a). Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2012 No. 597 “On measures for the implementation of state social policy”. Available: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/35261
President of the Russian Federation. (2012b). Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2012 No. 599 “On measures to implement state policy in the field of education and science.” Available: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/35263
Rimskaia, O. N. (2006). Motivatsiia prepodavatelei vuzov v sisteme menedzhmenta kachestva obrazovaniia [Motivation of university teachers in the education quality management system]: monograph. Tomsk: Tipografiya “Grafika”.
Sekerin, V. D., Gorokhova, A. E., Dudin, M. N., Danko, T. P., & Nikolaykin, N. I. (2018). Applying interactive marketing methods to improve the quality of university educational services authors. Quality-Access to Success, 19(163), 37-42.
Sokolov, M., Guba, K., Zimenkova, T., Safonova, M., & Chuikina, S. (2015). Kak stanoviatsia professorami: akademicheskie karery, rynki i vlast v piati stranakh [How to become a professor: academic careers, markets, and power in five countries]. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 832 p.
Tambovtsev, V. L. (2006). Konechnye rezultaty otrasli obrazovaniia i problemy ikh izmereniia [Final outcomes of education and the problems of their measurement]. Voprosy obrazovaniia, 1, 5-24.
Tereshchenko, E. A., Kovalev, V. V., Trofimov, M. S., & Zasseev, D. A. (2020). Legal consciousness as a factor promoting the achievement of educational objectives and the realization of the right to education by individuals and collectives. Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação, 13(32), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v13i32.14690
TRUD.com. (n.d.). Salary statistics “University teacher in Russia”. Available: https://russia.trud.com/salary/692/4130.html 30 406 ₽
Umurakova, G. H., & Iantilina, N. T. (2018). Zarubezhnyi opyt oplaty truda v sfere obrazovaniia [Foreign experience of remuneration in the field of education]. In: Economics and Humanitarian Research: Problems, Trends, Achievements: Collection of materials of the 3rd International Scientific and Practical Conference,
Novosibirsk, Russia, March 16-17, 2018, pp. 116-120.
Zhandarova, I. (November 9, 2017). MVF nazval glavnye draivery rosta ekonomiki Rossii [The IMF named the main drivers of growth in the Russian economy]. Rossiiskaia Gazeta. Available: https://rg.ru/2017/11/09/mvf-nazval-glavnye-drajvery-rosta-ekonomiki-rossii.html
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2021-08-24
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Kuznetsova, E. I., Dianov, D. V., Ovezova, U. A., Suslov, A. V., & Markova, T. S. (2021). Carrera y salario de un profesor universitario: regulación de la política de personal en Rusia. Revista Tempos E Espaços Em Educação, 14(33), e16267. https://doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v14i33.16267
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